Memory Flashcards

Question

Retroactive research

Answer 1

-schmidt et al -asking Ps to recall street names they recalled in local neighbourhood from childhood -found number of times someone moved house they recalled less street names -supports as learning new street names made them forget the old ones

Answer 2

-McGeoch + McDonald -gave Ps lost of 10 words to remember, made them remember with 100 accuracy -split into 6 groups -synonyms,antonyms,words related to OG,constant syllable, three digit numbers, no new list -found synonyms were hardest to recall as they were the most similar -shows interference is strongest when memories are similar

Answer 3

+ supported by research in lab studies McGheoch + McDonald demonstrates how similarities in info causes interference Suggests interference is likely to be one of the ways we forget to LTM Strength because when variables are controlled we see valid evidence for interference, adds validity +supported by natural research Baddely and hitch asked rugby players to recall names of teams they had played Found those who played the most games recalled the least amount Suggests players who played more games had more interference as they forgot more Strength as it provides real life evidence and therefore ecological validity -research conducted in lab do not reflect natural memories e.g amount of time researchers gave between learning and recall is limited compared to months or years irl Suggests there is a deliberate attempt to induce interference in lab Weakness because lab has low ecological validity and not represent every day interference -use of artificial material in lab M+m used list of words to test interference Suggests studies should make up real life memories as opposed to lists of words Weakness because there is a great chance of interference in a lab so bias results

Answer 4

Any cues present at coding must be present as time of recall Or forgetting is likely to occur Two types of cues: Internal (mood) External (environment)

Answer 5

Occurs when environment during recall is different to environment when learnt - Godden and Baddely Asked sea divers to recall learn a lost of words in 4 diff scenarios: Learn on land recall on land Learn in water recall in water Learn in water recall on land Learn on land recall in water -found recall was 40% worse in non matching conditions -provided clear evidence for context depending forgetting

Answer 6

Occurs when in mood during recall is different when learning Carter + Cassidy-same as divers with drugs -found performance was significantly worse when there’s a mismatch between internal state -provides clear evidence for STF

Answer 7

+supporting evidence from both Godden and Baddely and Carter and Cassidy both demonstrated context dependent and state dependent forgetting occurs within lab setting and natural Suggests a sense of cues leads to retrieval failure -ethical issues of Cade and Cassidy Drugged Ps which Jed to drowsiness and other ossicle side affects Suggests artificially altering someone’s internal state which may cause distress and lead to lack of protection from harm Weakness as it raises issues to whether studies should be carried out and the ethical issues question the credibility of psychology as a discipline. -Weakness is context may not have much of an effect -Baddely argues learning and forgetting when reacalled in diff context maybe not cause forgetting unless contexts are very different Weakness as context only affects memory when u test a certain way so reducing interval validity

Answer 8

Question phrased in certain way to lead the witness to a certain answer -loftus and palmer -asked students to watch film of car crashing and gave one leading question -split into 5 groups with certain verb (hit,contacted,collided,bumped,smashed) -mean estimates speed calculated for each group -found verb contacted had lowest mean estimated speed -verb smashed had highest mean estimated speed -explained by response bias explanation p, suggests wording of question does not have affect on memory just influence how they decide to answer the question -conducted follow up experiment -Ps originally received word “smashed” were interviews be more likely to report seeing broken glass compared to “hit” -no broken galas in video -can be explained my substitution explanation,wording of question changes Ps memory of clip

Answer 9

When witnesses of crime discuss,may lead to testimonies being contaminated They combine they’re own memories with info from other witnesses Gabbed et al -studied ps in pairs,each watched video of same crime but filmed at different POVs -one p could see title of book being carried by young woman -both ps discussed what they had seen before test if recall -71% of ps mistakenly recalled aspects of event they didn’t see but picked up in discussion -when there was no discussion it was 0% -concluded witnesses go along with others and display memory conformity either to win social approval (NSI) or they believe the other are right (ISI)

Answer 10

+ increased awareness of the implications misleading info can have E.g police now realised it’s important to take care of when interviewing and ensure questions are not leading Strength because it has let to positive improvement in the legal system as people are more aware of consequences of misleading info on EWT + has real life applications Research if cognitive interview requires special training to ensure it prevents effects of misleading info has been developed Suggests that research can prevent the wrongful conviction of individuals that could occur is leading questions are asked or post event discussions were allowed Strength because research has prevented effects of MI in real like - use artificial tasks E.g loftus and palmer asked ps to watch film clips of car accidents, as opposed to real life ones Suggests results of study may be inaccurate due to the physiological state of the ps at the time of encoding Weakness because emotions can influence memory suggesting lab experiments may tell, us little about how leading questions affect real EWT -demand characteristics E.g ps are completing memory studies in labs, ,ay be displaying demand characteristics by over/under exaggerating the effects if misleading info Suggests results are invalid and effects of misleading info may be stronger or not as strong as what research suggests

Answer 11

State of emotional and physical arousal strong emotional effects, unclear where they make eyewitnesses recall better or worse -Johnson and Scott -investigate ps anxiety -ps believed they were taking part in a lab study and while they were waiting hear 2 people arguing -condition 1: high anxiety, man emerged holding pen with grease -condition 2:man emerged holding knife covered in blood and heard glass breaking Found when ps picked man from 50 pictures 49% in low anxiety were able to identify -33% in high anxiety -tunnel theory suggests witnesses attention is drawn to the weapon because it’s the source of anxiety Yullie + cutshall -investigated effect if anxiety in EWT -interviewed eyewitnesses of real shooting in gun shop where the owner shot the thief dead -interviews held 4-5 months after incident and compared to OG police interviews -accuracy was determined on number of details recalled -asked them to rate how stressed they were on a 7 point scale -Witness had very good recall and was little change from OG after 5 months -ps who reported highest levels of stress were most accurate 88%-75% Suggests fight of flight response created arousal leading to better recall

Answer 12

+real life application E.g it enhance cognitive interview as a technique police use to build report with eyewitness to reduce anxiety they are feeling in the interview Suggests recall may be more accurate as they will be relaxed and not anxious +research conducted in lab controlled conditions -Johnson and Scot allowed for manipulation of anxiety in the situation was and allowed for controlled post event discussion Research has high validity as we can ensure IV caused DV -ethical issues Johnson and Scott was a disturbing scene where ps assumed someone was stabbed Suggests it may break ethical guidelines as they are causing ps distress and not protecting them from harm Weakness as it raises issue in should studies be carried out making it difficult to gain evidence for the effect of anxiety

Answer 13

Fisher and gieselman -questioning technique used by police to enhance recall of info about crime 1) report everything- every detail even though it may seem insignificant,may be important or trigger important memories 2) reinstate context- return to OG crime scene in their mind and image in environment, weather, emotion’s. Increases recall, acts as a cue to trigger memories. 3) reverse order- recalled in different sequence, from final to beginning, prevents people from reporting their expectations of how event must have happened rather than actual event 4)change the perspective- recall incident from other people’s perspective, e.g how it would have appeared to the perpetrator, disrupts the effect of expectations on recall

Answer 14

Fisher et al -focus on social dynamics on situation -when to make eye contact -reduce anxiety -minimise distractions -ask open ended questions

Answer 15

+shown to produce better recall Geislman found after watching a violent crime 48hrs average recall of correctly recalled facts was 41.2 for cognitive interview and standard police interview was 29.4 Suggests that CI should be used more frequently as opposed to standard as they produce better recall Strength because it leads to better memory for events - time consuming Police are reluctant to use is as it takes more time that standard as you have to use more techniques Take significant amount of time for training to be given to interviewers Suggests police may be unwilling to undertake training Weakness as it may nit be used consistently over police forces so EWT will not always be improved -individual differences as it can’t be used in vulnerable people E.g very young children may not be able to reverse the order as it’s too complex for them , a,so elderly people may be impaired so of could confuse them further Suggests individual differences between people may cause it to be worse , more innacurate Weakness as it can be used in everyone

Memory Flashcards

(39 cards)