Memory

Question 1

What is Memory

Answer 1

The process of encoding, storing ad retrieving information

Question 2

Atkinson and Shiffrin

Answer 2

Created the model for memory
Diagram in Copy

Question 3

Craig and Lockhart (1972)

Answer 3

The deeper the level of processing someone engages in on that matter, the better that it will be remembered later

Question 4

Maintenance Rehearsal

Answer 4

Repeating the item over and over to encode it into long term memory

Question 5

Elaborative Rehearsal

Answer 5

Encodes the information in a more meaningful way i.e., the more an item is elaborated at the time of storage, the richer the later memory will be because more connections can serve as retrieval cues

Question 5

Schemas

Answer 5

Cognitive structures that help us perceive, organise, process and use information i.e., social schemas influence our behavior on a date (open the door, don’t eat garlic, be respectful)

Question 6

Association Networks

Answer 6

Networks of associations where each unit of information about an item is a single node in the network i.e. associating red and a firetruck

Question 7

Spreading Activation Models

Answer 7

Stimuli in working memory activate specific nodes in long-term memory making retrieval easier

Question 8

Retrieval Cues

Answer 8

Anything that helps a person recall information stored in long term memory

Question 9

Mnemonics

Answer 9

Learning aids, strategies and devices that improve recall through the use of retrieval cues

Question 10

Method of Loci

Answer 10

Associating item you want to remember with physical locations

Question 11

Encoding Specificity (Tulving 1983)

Answer 11

Memory is improved when information available at encoding is also available at retrieval

Question 12

Episodic Memories

Answer 12

Memories of past experiences i.e., visiting Paris

Question 13

Semantic Memories

Answer 13

Memories used for knowledge about the world i.e., Paris is the capital city of France

Question 14

Recall

Answer 14

Requires participants to reproduce items that were learned earlier

Question 15

Recognition

Answer 15

Requires participants to identify which items had been present at an earlier time

Question 16

Familiarity

Answer 16

Knowing if an item is old or new

Question 17

Recollection

Answer 17

Actively remembering details of how an item was learned

Question 18

Procedural Memory

Answer 18

A type of implicit memory that requires motor skill and/or behavioral habits i.e. riding a bike

Question 19

Priming

Answer 19

An implicit memory effect where exposure to one stimulus influences the response to another stimulus i.e., WASH SO P
EAT SO P

Question 20

Prospective Memory

Answer 20

Remembering to do something at a future time.
Often requires a retrieval cue i.e. a planner or diary

Question 21

Forgetting

Answer 21

The inability to retrieve memory from long-term storage

Question 22

Persistence

Answer 22

The continuous recurrence of unwanted memories

Question 23

Pro-active Interference

Answer 23

interference that occurs when prior learned knowledge interferes with your ability to learn new knowledge

Question 24

Retroactive Interference

Answer 24

Interference that occurs when newly learned information inhibits your ability to remember older information

Question 25

Blocking

Answer 25

-The temporary inability to remember something -Also known as the tip of the tongue phenomenon

Question 26

Absentmindedness

Answer 26

The inattentive or shallow encoding of events

Question 27

Amnesia

Answer 27

A deficit in long term memory caused by a disease, brain injury or psychological trauma, in which individuals lose the ability to remember vast quantities of information

Question 28

Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 28

A condition in which people lose past memories, such as memories for events, facts, people or personal information

Question 29

Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 29

A condition in which an individual loses the ability to form new memories

Question 30

Memory Distortion

Answer 30

People tend to recall their past belief and attitudes as being consistent with their current ones

Question 31

Memory Bias

Answer 31

The changing of memories over time so that they become consistent with current attitudes or beliefs

Question 32

Rosy Retrospection

Answer 32

The tendency to recall the past as better than the present

Question 33

Flashbulb Memories

Answer 33

Vivid, episodic memories for circumstances in which an individual first learned of a consequential or emotionally arousing event i.e., Covid Lockdown

Question 34

Von Restorff Effect

Answer 34

A distinctive event may be recalled more easily than a trivial event, however it still may be inaccurate

Question 35

False Fame Effect

Answer 35

An effect that causes people to mistakenly believe that a person in famous simply because they have encountered their name before

Question 36

Implicit Memory

Answer 36

Memory that are expressed through responses, actions or reactions

Question 37

Explicit Memories

Answer 37

Memory that is consciously retrieved

Question 38

Priming

Answer 38

Reflected in a facilitation in a response to a stimulus due to recent experience with that stimulus i.e. the word 'table' might facilitate the response to the word 'chair'