Memory Flashcards
what are the 3 types of long term memory
episodic, semantic and procedural
episodic memory
memory for events in our lives, time-stamped, like a diary
semantic memory
memory for knowledge of the world like a dictionary
procedural memory
memory for automatic and often skilled behaviors, unconscious recall
who came up with the multi-store model and what does it do/ tell you about memory
- Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968)
- memories are formed sequentially and information passes from one component to the other
what are the 3 components in the multi-store model
sensory register, short term memory and long term memory
sensory register
modality-specific coding
has very brief duration and high capacity
short term memory
mainly acoustic coding
unlimited duration and capacity
transfers to the LTM by rehearsal
long term memory
mainly semantic coding
unlimited duration and capacity
created through maintenance and rehearsal
who came up with the working memory model, what memory does it go with
Baddeley and Hitch (1974)
A model for short term memory
what components is the working memory made up of
multi-component system
central executive, phonological loop, episodic buffer and the visuospatial sketchpad
central executive
supervisory, allocates subsystems, slave between the tasks, has very limited capacity
coding = any sensory modality
phonological loop
auditory information- made up of the phonological store and the articular processes
has maintenance rehearsal
coding = acoustic, capacity= 2 seconds of speech
episodic buffer
integrates data from subsystems and records order of effects. links into the LTM.
coding= flexible, capacity=4 chunks
visuospatial sketchpad
visual information- visual cache (store), inner scribe (spatial arrangement).
coding= visual, coding= 3 or 4 objects
strengths for the WMM, Baddeley and Hitch
research support-
the dual task techniques support the existence of the multiple components within the STM and supports the idea of a separate PL and V-S-S.
another strength for the WWM
more research support- KF study
- supports the idea of the WMM and the idea of the 2 slave systems, the PL and the V-S-SP, and also providing support for the WWM and the ideas for the STM
weakness of the episodic buffer in the WWM
lacks of clarity- its to vague and simplistic
research within coding
Baddeley and Hitch, acoustic in STM, semantic in LTM
words recall of similar/dissimilar words
2 evaluation points for the research on coding
Baddeley and Hitch
separate memory stores- identified the STM and LTM
artificial stimuli- word lists had no personal meaning
research within capacity
digit span- Jacobs: 9.3 words, 7.3 letters
span of memory and chunking: Miller- 7+/-2 span, putting items together to extend STM capacity
2 evaluation points for the research on capacity
a valid study- later studies replicated findings so valid tests of the digit span
not so many chunks- Miller overestimated STM, only four chunks (cowan)
research within duration in STM and evaluation of it
Peterson and Peterson : about 18 seconds without rehearsal
meaningless stimuli in STM- Petersons used consonant syllables, lacks external validity
research within duration in LTM and evaluation
Bahrick et al : year books: facial recognition 90%, free recall 60% - for 15yrs. facial recognition 70%, free recall 30% - for 48 years
high external validity- used meaningful materials, better recall than studies with meaningful stimuli
