Memory Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
memory
A
the persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information
2
Q
recall
A
a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill in the blank test
3
Q
recognition
A
a measure of memory in which the person identifies items previously learned, as on a mcq
4
Q
Relearning
A
a measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material again
5
Q
encoding
A
the process of getting information into the memory system, for example, but extracting meaning
6
Q
storage
A
the process of retaining encoded information overtime
7
Q
retrieval
A
the process of getting information out of memory storage
8
Q
connectionism
A
views memories as products of interconnected neural networks
9
Q
parallel processing
A
processing of multiple aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously
10
Q
sensory memory
A
the immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system
11
Q
short term memory
A
briefly activated memory of a few items that is later stored or forgotten
12
Q
long term memory
A
the relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system. includes knowledge, skills, and experience
13
Q
Who proposed the three stage multi-store model ?
A
Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin
14
Q
what is the multi-store model?
A
record to-be remembered information as fleeting sensory memory
process info to short-term memory, encode through rehearsal
moves to long-term for retrieval
15
Q
what 2 concepts were added Atkinson and Shriffrin’s multi-store model?
A
working memory and automatic processing
16
Q
Who discovered working memory?
A
Alan Braddeley
17
Q
What is working memory?
A
a newer understanding of short-term memory; conscious, active processing of both incoming sensory information and information retrieved from long-term memory
18
Q
maitenance rehearsal
A
system for holding memory in mind and working on it
19
Q
elaborative rehearsal
A
rehearsing information in ways that promote meaning
20
Q
what is also short-term memory known as?
A
fleeting memory
21
Q
phonological loop
A
memory component that briefly holds auditory information
22
Q
central executive
A
a memory component that coordinates the activities of the phonological and visuospatial sketchpad
23
Q
visuospatial sketchpad
A
a memory component that briefly holds information about objects’ appearance and location in space
24
Q
What kind of memory is reading a chapter of a book?
A
Fleeting /sensory memory
25
What kind of memory is reviewing the reading material?
working memory
26
the ability for your brain to change?
neuroplascity
27
neurogenesis
the formation of new neurons
28
LTP; Long-Term Potentiation
an increase in a nerve cells’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation; a neural basis for learning and memory
29
What are 2 neurotransmitters that help increase LTP?
Glutamate and Serotonin
30
What is CREB?
a protein that enhances LTP process
31
what are drugs that block memory?
propranolol or a placebo
32
Caitlin is asked to remember the name of her 5th grade teacher. What measure of retention is this?
Recall; fill in the blank
33
James uses effort fully and actively thinking about how various events connect with one another, connecting the new material o what he has learned in the past. What is this described as?
working memory
34
explicit memory
retention of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and “declare” (also known as declarative memory)
35
effortful processing
encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
36
reconsolidation
a process in which previously stored memories, when retreived, are potentially altered
37
automatic processing
unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of familiar or well learned information, such as sounds, smells, and word meanings
38
implicit memory
retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection (nondeclarative memory)
39
iconic memory
a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second
40
how long does iconic memory last?
a few tenth of a second
41
echoic memory
a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
42
how long does echoic memory last?
3- 4 seconds
43
what and who’s experiment proved that echoic and iconic memory together is better?
3 rows of 9 letters and sounded a high, medium, low tone immediately after by George Sperling
44
Miller’s Magic 7?
George Miller said we could only keep 7 items in short memory
45
Who tested how quick short term memory dissappeared?
Lloyd and Margaret Peterson; without recall we forget 3 consonants in about 12 seconds
46
who tends to have the greater working-memory capacity?
young adults
47
chunking
organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically
48
What is the greek word for memory?
Mnemonics
49
What are Mnemonics?
memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices
50
What is an acronym?
creating a word from the first letter of the to-be-remembered items
51
what are hierarchies?
composed of a few broad categories divided and subdivided into narrower concepts and facts
52
spacing effect
the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is acheived through massed study or practice
53
“the mind is slow in unlearning what it has been long in learning”
Roman Philosopher Seneca
54
Who thought when you learn quickly, you forget quickly
Hermann Ebbinghaus
55
testing effect was created by?
Roediger and Jeffrey Karpicke
56
testing effect
enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information
57
shallow processing
encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words
58
deep processing
encoding semantically, based on the meaning of words; tends to yield the best retention
59
semantics
has meaning
60
Levels of Processing Experiment by who?
Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving
61
self-reference effect
the tendency to remember self-relevant information
62
Where does explicit memory happen?
Frontal lobe and Hippocampus
63
semantic memory
explicit memory of facts and general knowledge
64
episodic memory
explicit memory of personally experienced events
65
hippocampus
a neural center located in the limbic system; helps process explicit memories- of facts and events- for storage
66
memory consolidation
the neural storage of a long term storage
67
repression
the psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
68
left hippocampus damage causes what?
verbal and information processing
69
right hippocampus damage causes what?
visual designs and locations
70
When does hippocampus process memory?
During deep sleep
71
infantile amnesia
not remembering the 1st 4 years of life
72
what contributes to infantile amnesia?
explicit memory of language and the hippocampus is one of the last to mature
73
How does a memory trace happen?
too much stress, provides more glucose energy, provoking the amygdala
74
retroactive interference
the backward acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old inform
75
what is memory trace?
a lasting physical change as the memory form
76
flashbulb memory
a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
77
retrospective memory
retreiving memories for our past
78
prospective memory
retrieving memories for our intended future actions
79
priming
the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
80
encoding specificity principle
the idea that cues and contexts specific to a particular memory will be most effective in helping us recall it
81
mood-congruent memory
the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad mood
82
context dependent memory
affected by the cues we have associated with that context (home field advantage)
83
serial position effect
our tendency to recall best the last items in a list initially and the first items in a list after a delay
84
recency effect
recall of last item
85
primacy effect
recall of first item after delay
86
interleaving
a retrieval practice strategy that involves mixing the study of different topics
87
what is an example of the serial position?
remembering the beginning and end of your grocery list but not the items in the middle
88
John has noticed that he does better on his chem exams when he takes them in the same seat in which he sits during class than when he sits in a different seat in exams. Assuming that John is properly prepared, what psychological concept best explains this?
context dependent memory; seat reminder of material learned
89
antonia is testing herself in preparation for her upcoming psychology test. She is aware of her value of the testing effect, what retreival practie strategy is she employing by way of her self-testing
metacognition
90
anterograde amnesia
an inability to form new memories
91
retrograde amnesia
the inability to remember information from one’s past
92
who was the study of anterograde amnesia performed on?
H.M. Henry Molaison
93
information not encoded for long term memory and will be lost when new memory enters short term memory is known as?
displacement
94
retroactive interference
the backward-acting disruptive effect of newer learning on the recall of old memories
95
proactive interference
the forward acting disruptive effect of older information on the recall of new information
96
new lyrics affecting old memory of original song..
retroactive interference
97
old locker number interfering with new
proactive interference
98
repression
the psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories
99
Psychoanalytic
Freud
100
reconsolidation
a process in which previously stored memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again
101
misinformation effect
occurs when a memory has been corrupted by misleading information
102
Who performed an experiment with context " car smashed or car hit"
Elizabeth loftus
103
Before what age is children's memory unreliable
3 1/2 years old
104
source amnesia
faulty memory for how, when, or where information was learned or imagined (as when misattributing information to a wrong source)
105
deja vu
the eerie sense that "I've experienced this before" Cues from the current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
106
what is deja vu French for?
already seen
107
Brenda has trouble remembering her new five digit ZIP plus four digit address code. What is the most likely explanation for the difficulty Brenda is having?
A nine digit are at or above the upper limit of of most people's short term memory capacity
108
What is not a measure of retention? (recall, recognition, relearning, retreival)
Retreival
109
which measures of retention is the least sensitive in triggering retreival? (recall, relearning, recognition, equally)
recall
110
which word processing results in the greatest retention (shallow, deep, visual, auditory)
deep
111
Who cut rat's cortex
Karl lashley
112
Who discovered Serotonin being a benefit and how?
Sea slugs, Eric Kandel and James Schwartz
113
ECT
electroconvulsive therapy; treatmentfor serious long term depression
114
amnesia patients typically experience disruption of ...
explicit memory
