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Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first step in using your memory more effectively?

A

Organize your thinking and outline complex topics

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2
Q

What should you build to make learning more meaningful?

A

Relevant connections between what you wish to learn and what you already know

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3
Q

What happens when you try to memorize something you do not fully understand?

A

You will forget it and create a cul-de-sac for future learning

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4
Q

What is suggestibility in the context of memory?

A

Misinformation from external sources can lead to false memories

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5
Q

What is imagination inflation?

A

Imagining nonexistent events can create a memory

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6
Q

Who is more likely to have false memories?

A

People with vivid imaginations and children

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7
Q

What is false memory?

A

A memory that is either distorted or fabricated

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8
Q

What is the controversy regarding repressed memories?

A

Whether they can or should be recovered and if they are accurate

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9
Q

What is déjà vu?

A

A brief intense feeling of remembering a scene or event that is actually being experienced for the first time

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10
Q

What can trigger the sensation of déjà vu?

A

Features in the current situation that match features in a previous memory

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11
Q

What is the incidence of déjà vu in the population?

A

1 of 6 people (16 percent) experience it about once a month

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12
Q

What percentage of information is forgotten within an hour?

A

Approximately 56%

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13
Q

What is forgetting?

A

The loss or change in information that was previously stored in memory

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14
Q

What are the stages where forgetting can occur?

A

Retrieval from long-term memory, long-term storage, short-term memory, and sensory memory

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15
Q

What is the misinformation effect?

A

Post-event information can distort eyewitness recollection of an original event

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16
Q

What does the Semantic Network Model suggest about long-term memory?

A

LTM is organized in a complex network of associations or schemas

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17
Q

What is the Tip-of-the-Tongue (TOT) experience?

A

The sensation of knowing specific information is stored but being unable to retrieve it

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18
Q

What percentage of TOT experiences are resolved eventually?

A

90 percent

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19
Q

What is encoding failure?

A

When information is not encoded initially into long-term memory

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20
Q

What is decay theory?

A

Memory traces fade away over time due to normal brain processes

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21
Q

What is anterograde amnesia?

A

Inability to form new memories related to hippocampus damage

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22
Q

What role does the hippocampus play in memory?

A

It is essential for the formation of declarative memories

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23
Q

What is the function of the amygdala in memory?

A

Processes emotional information and is involved in fear memories

24
Q

What are the two types of interference in memory?

A

Proactive interference and retroactive interference

25
What is repression in the context of memory?
An unconscious forgetting of anxiety-producing memories
26
What is suppression in the context of memory?
A conscious effort to forget memories
27
What are Schacter’s Seven Sins of Memory?
Transience, absentmindedness, blocking, misattribution, suggestibility, bias, persistence
28
What is collective memory?
Memory shared by people in a group
29
What are the three types of long-term memory?
* Procedural memory * Semantic memory * Episodic memory
30
What is the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory?
A model that describes the process of memory passing through three distinct stages
31
What is the briefest form of memory storage?
Sensory Memory
32
What is semantic memory?
General knowledge ## Footnote Semantic memory is a type of long-term memory that involves the storage of factual information and general knowledge about the world.
33
What is episodic memory?
Memory of specific events or episodes ## Footnote Episodic memory refers to the recollection of specific instances or experiences in one's life.
34
What is the second process of memory?
Storage ## Footnote Storage is the process of retaining information in memory for later use.
35
According to the Atkinson-Shiffrin model, how many stages are there in memory storage?
Three stages ## Footnote The three stages are sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
36
What is sensory memory?
The briefest form of memory storage ## Footnote Sensory memory records immediate sensory information for a very short period.
37
What is the function of sensory memory?
To very briefly store sensory impressions ## Footnote Sensory memory allows us to perceive the world as continuous rather than disjointed.
38
What is the duration of iconic memory?
Half a second ## Footnote Iconic memory pertains to visual information storage.
39
What is the duration of echoic memory?
3-4 seconds ## Footnote Echoic memory pertains to auditory information storage.
40
What is short-term working memory?
Conscious processing of information ## Footnote Short-term working memory provides temporary storage for information and allows active processing.
41
What is the magic number for short-term memory capacity?
7 +/- 2 (5-9) ## Footnote This refers to the average number of items that can be held in short-term memory.
42
What is chunking?
Grouping related information into smaller chunks ## Footnote Chunking helps expand working memory load by making information more manageable.
43
What is effortful processing?
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort ## Footnote Examples include learning new skills or information that necessitates active engagement.
44
What is automatic processing?
Unconscious encoding of information ## Footnote This process requires minimal cognitive resources and occurs without conscious awareness.
45
List the three types of encoding.
* Semantic (words and their meaning) * Visual (images) * Acoustic (sounds, including words) ## Footnote Different types of encoding help in the effective storage of information.
46
What is memory?
The persistence of learning over time through encoding, storage, and retrieval ## Footnote Memory is a complex process involving various mental operations.
47
What are the three memory processes?
* Encoding * Storage * Retrieval ## Footnote These processes work together to manage how information is handled in the memory system.
48
What is retrieval?
The process of recalling or using previously encoded and stored information ## Footnote Retrieval is crucial for accessing stored memories.
49
What is context effects in memory retrieval?
Recall is improved when retrieval occurs in the same context as learning ## Footnote Context effects highlight the importance of environmental cues in recalling memories.
50
What is state-dependent memory?
Recall is improved when encoding and retrieval occur in the same emotional or biological state ## Footnote This means that one's mood or physical state can influence memory recall.
51
What is explicit memory?
The conscious recollection of facts and events ## Footnote Explicit memory includes both semantic and episodic memory.
52
What is implicit memory?
Unconscious memory for skills and tasks ## Footnote Implicit memory involves memories that are not consciously accessible, such as riding a bike.
53
What is the role of the hippocampus in memory?
Processing of explicit memories ## Footnote The hippocampus is crucial for the formation of new explicit long-term memories.
54
What does the Stroop effect demonstrate?
Delay in reaction time between congruent and incongruent stimuli ## Footnote This effect illustrates the interference that occurs when processing conflicting information.
55
What are mnemonics?
Memory aids or tricks that help remember information ## Footnote Mnemonics can include visual images, phrases, or acronyms to enhance recall.
56
What strategies can improve memory?
* Use distributed practice * Make material meaningful * Activate retrieval cues * Use mnemonic devices * Minimize interference * Sleep more * Test yourself ## Footnote These strategies can enhance memory retention and retrieval.
57
What happened to patient H.M. after his surgery?
Lost explicit memory for events after the surgery ## Footnote H.M. could not form new explicit long-term memories but retained some implicit memory abilities.

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