Memory Flashcards

Question

Outline retroactive interference.

Answer 1

When a new memory prevents the recall of an older memory i.e forgetting your old phone number shortly after learning your new one.

Answer 2

Underwood and postman - investigated how retroactive interference affected learning. - P's had to learn paired words. Control had one list experimental had two. He found recall of the control group (1 list) was more accurate suggesting learning the second list interfered p's ability to recall the 1st list .

Answer 3

Baddeley and Hitch asked rugby players to recall the names of teams recently played. Players who hadn't played any other matches had better recall compared to players who did. Supporting retroactive interference.

Answer 4

Interference is seen as relatively unimportant and how much it contributes to forgetting is unclear as both memories need to be quite similar. Proactive interference - most research uses word lists - lacks ecological validity. Baddeley and Hitch. Underwood and Postman.

Answer 5

A hint or trigger that can help retrieve a memory. Can be sights, sounds, smells or emotions. I.e hearing a particular song can take us back to a particular memory in our childhood.

Answer 6

Context dependant retrieval. State dependant retrieval.

Answer 7

Occurs when external cues (external environment) is different at recall from how it was at coding. I.e getting fewer marks in an unfamiliar room compared to a familiar classroom.

Answer 8

Forgetting occurs when the individuals internal environment is dissimilar at recall compared to when it was coded. I.e trying to recall info learned whilst sober when drunk.

Answer 9

Godden + Baddeley - had 4 groups of divers: Learn and recall on land. Learn and recall underwater. Learn on land recall underwater. Learn underwater recall on land. Founds p's who learned and recalled in the same place had better recall - shows environment acts as a cue. Ev - Lacks ecological validity - not an everyday task. Real world application - exams should be done in same rooms - external validity.

Answer 10

Goodwin got uni students to hide money and alchol when drunk - when sober students couldn't find it however when drunk again could.

Answer 11

Misleading information: Post even discussion. Leading questions. Anxiety.

Answer 12

When co - witnesses discuss the crime leading to their testimonies becoming contaminated as they combine (mis)information from other witnesses with their own memory.

Answer 13

Gabbert - Made pairs of p's watch a video of a crime scene from different view points therefore seeing slightly different things. He found that p's who discussed - 71% mistakenly recalled aspects of the crime however the control group who didn't discuss the error rate was 0%.

Answer 14

+ Used two different populations - students and adults - high population validity. + Lab study - easy to replicate - high reliability. - Low ecological validity - knew they were being studies so may have took closer attention to the video.

Answer 15

Suggests a certain answer in the way they are worded i.e you like psychology don't you?

Answer 16

Loftus + palmer - 45 students shown videos of car accidents. After video p's answered a questionnaire where the verb changed. "How fast was the car going when it ....... the other car?" Verb - hit, contacted, smashed, collided and bumped. Found the lowest speed predicted was contacted at 31.8mph and the highest being smashed at 40.8mph. Showing leading questions can lead to unreliable EWT.

Answer 17

- Doesn't take into account individual differences - leading questions may not affect everyone. - Lacks ecological validity - less stress unlike the real world.

Answer 18

Both - optimum level.

Answer 19

Due to the weapon focus effect p's fixate on the weapon due to the fight or flight response - this intense focus leaves the offender less noticed i.e colour of clothes.

Answer 20

Johnson + Scott - P's sat in a waiting room - believed they were taking part in a study. 1st condition - (low anxiety) a man walked out with a pen and grease in his hands after the p's heard him discussing in the back - 49% recalled correctly. 2nd condition - (high anxiety) - p's heard smashing and breaking glass then a man covered in blood holding a knife came out. - 33% recalled correctly.

Answer 21

Increased adrenaline from the crime which triggers fight or flight leads to higher alertness and improves memory.

Answer 22

Yullie and Cutshall - 13 witnesses who saw a real life armed robbery were interviewed 4/5 months after it happened and their interview was matched to the original police reports. - They also rated their stress levels from 1-7 - those who were more stressed were more accurate at 88% compared to the less stressed people. * For AO3 on the effects of anxiety on EWT you can use 1 alternative explanation i.e misleading questions*

Answer 23

Yerk's Dobson Law.

Answer 24

224 students in a watched a mockup robbery in a hairdressers. 4 conditions: High threat/weapon condition: Had a knife. Low threat/weapon condition: Had a handgun (low threat, but still a weapon). High unusualness condition: Had a chicken. Low unusualness condition: Had a wallet. Found that the weapon focus affect still played apart in the reliability of EWT. However, so did the unusualness of the object.

Answer 25

Explains how the STM is organised and how it functions. - 4 components.

Answer 26

- Allocates tasks to other slave systems. - Can only handle 1 piece of information at a time.

Answer 27

+ Baddeley - discovered p's found it difficult to generate lists of random numbers while simultaneously switching between pressing numbers and letters on a keyboard. Suggesting both tasks were competing for the CE limited capacity of 1. - Lack of clarity over the CE - some psychologist state it is vague and untestable.

Answer 28

Deals with auditory information. Two subsystems: Articulatory control system - inner voice - a verbal rehearsal system. Phonological store - inner ear - lasts 1.5 - 2 seconds if not refreshed by the ACS. Capacity is how much information that can be spoken out loud in around 2 seconds.

Answer 29

KF had poor STM ability for verbal information but he could process STM visual information suggesting the phonological loop had been damaged. Baddeley - world length affect - limited space for rehearsal in articulatory process.

Answer 30

Temporary storage of visual and spatial information and has a limited capacity.

Answer 31

Baddeley - p's had more difficulty doing two visual tasks (tracking a light and describing the letter F) than doing both a visual and verbal task at the same time - this increased difficulty is because both visual tasks compete for the same slave system. (Dual task performance). PET scans show that different brain areas are activated when doing verbal and visual tasks suggesting the the PL and VSS are separate systems.

Answer 32

Acts as a backup store which communicates with the LTM and the components of working memory.

Answer 33

Alkhalifa reported a patient with a severely damaged LTM who demonstrated STM capacity of up to 25 items for exceeding the capacity of the PL and VSS.

Answer 34

Most of the evidence comes from brain damaged patients and they are not a reliable source of evidence - limited number of patients to study. Provides explanation/treatments for processing deficits, eg dyslexia A lack of clarity over the central executive - psychologists state that it is vague and untestable and some even state that it may even have separate components within it meaning the WMM hasn't been fully explained. Shallice and Warrington - KF had poor STM for digits but better when he read them himself - must be a STM for visual and auditory. Baddleey - supports the VSS as he found p's had more difficulty doing two visual tasks (tracking a light and describing the letter F) than one visual and verbal task showing that both visual tasks compete for the same limited space/resources. *Can use any evaluation from any of the 4 components to evaluate*

Answer 35

A more effective way of questioning witnesses to produce a more reliable recall of events.

Answer 36

Report everything. Context reinstatement. Recall in reverse/change order. Recall from a different prospective.

Answer 37

Encourage people to report any detail regardless of how trivial it may appear - can trigger other memories.

Answer 38

Eyewitnesses are asked to recall and re - create physical and psychological environment of the crime. - Based on context dependent memory which can trigger recall.

Answer 39

Reduces the possibility that recall may be influenced by schemas/expectations.

Answer 40

View the scene how others present may have seen it. Reduces the influence of any schemas present.

Answer 41

- Kohnken - carried out a meta analysis of 53 other studies and found that cognitive interview could elicit 34% more detail than a standard interview. - Cognitive interviews are time consuming to use in interviews and training police offers - can be less economical. * Can be linked to psychology within the economy* - Found that 63% more information was gathered by detectives trained in cognitive interviews compared to those who weren't.

Memory Flashcards

(65 cards)