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biological and cognitive psychology > memory > Flashcards

memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the basic memory processes?

A

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

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2
Q

What is the difference between recall and recognition?

A

Recall requires retrieving information without cues; recognition involves identifying information from a set of options.

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3
Q

How does delay between learning and testing affect memory?

A

Longer delays typically reduce recall and recognition accuracy.

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4
Q

How does similarity of items affect recall and recognition?

A

Recall improves with similar items; recognition improves with dissimilar items.

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5
Q

What is the impact of distracter tasks on recall?

A

Distracter tasks prevent rehearsal, reducing recall performance.

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6
Q

What is the effect of learning and testing context?

A

Recall and recognition improve when learning and testing contexts match.

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7
Q

What are the serial position effects in free recall?

A

Primacy and recency effects.

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8
Q

Why does primacy occur?

A

Due to increased rehearsal leading to long-term memory storage.

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9
Q

Why does recency occur?

A

Due to short-term memory or echoic memory effects.

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10
Q

What impacts the serial position effect?

A

Delay, item presentation rate, and item distinctiveness.

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11
Q

What happens to recency with a delay?

A

It is extinguished.

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12
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary memory?

A

Primary: short-term, conscious; Secondary: long-term, unconscious until recalled.

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13
Q

What are the components of the Multi-Store Model?

A

Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory, Long-Term Memory.

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14
Q

What types of sensory memory exist?

A

Iconic (visual), Echoic (auditory), Haptic (touch).

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15
Q

How long does iconic memory last?

A

Approximately 0.5 seconds.

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16
Q

How long does echoic memory last?

A

About 2 seconds.

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17
Q

What is Miller’s magic number for short-term memory capacity?

A

7 plus or minus 2 items.

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18
Q

How can short-term memory span be increased?

A

By chunking information.

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19
Q

What is long-term memory?

A

Storage of information about ourselves and the world, possibly infinite in capacity.

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20
Q

What does patient HM demonstrate?

A

Normal STM, impaired LTM due to hippocampal damage.

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21
Q

What does patient KF demonstrate?

A

Impaired STM, normal LTM; supports separate memory stores.

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22
Q

How do sensory memory, STM, and LTM differ in entry and maintenance?

A

Sensory: pre-attentive, no maintenance; STM: needs attention; LTM: needs rehearsal.

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23
Q

What are the key features of the Working Memory Model?

A

Central Executive, Phonological Loop, Visuospatial Sketchpad, Episodic Buffer.

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24
Q

What is the phonological loop?

A

Stores auditory information; supports speech-based rehearsal.

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25
What does articulatory suppression show?
Disrupts phonological loop, impairs memory for similar-sounding items.
26
What is the visuospatial sketchpad?
Maintains and manipulates visual and spatial information.
27
What are the components of the visuospatial sketchpad?
Visual Cache and Inner Scribe.
28
What is the central executive?
Attentional control system managing slave systems and high-level functions.
29
What are dysexecutive patients?
Individuals with frontal lobe damage affecting executive functions.
30
What are strengths of the Working Memory Model?
Better explains STM, clearer rehearsal role, accounts for brain damage effects.
31
What are weaknesses of the Working Memory Model?
Unclear central executive function, under-researched episodic buffer.
32
Traditional Memory Research
Storehouse metaphor; quantity of items remembered; intentional learning; accurate retrieval
33
Everyday Memory Research
Correspondence metaphor; quality of memories; incidental learning; social retrieval
34
Autobiographical Memory
Memory for personal life events; includes flashbulb memories
35
Flashbulb Memories
Vivid memories of dramatic events; may be rehearsed more (Bohannon, 1988); can be false (Pezdek, 2003)
36
Talarico and Rubin (2003)
9/11 vs everyday event; vividness does not prevent inconsistency over time
37
Infantile Amnesia
Hippocampus underdeveloped until 2-8; reduced self-awareness; language limitations
38
Self-Memory System (Conway & Pleydell-Pearce, 2000)
Includes lifetime periods, general events, event-specific knowledge; influenced by the working self
39
Working Self
Current goals and personality influence what we remember
40
Direct Retrieval
Triggered without intention (e.g., hearing 'Paris')
41
Prospective Memory
Remembering to perform future actions (Ellis & Freeman, 2008: encoding, retention, retrieval, execution, evaluation)
42
Prospective vs Retrospective Memory
Prospective = remember to do; Retrospective = remember what to do
43
Time vs Event-Based Prospective Memory
Event-based better (external cues help)
44
Preparatory Attentional and Memory Processes Theory (Smith & Bayen, 2005)
Monitoring + retrospective memory; better performance with full attention
45
Multi-process Theory (Einstein & McDaniel, 2005)
Sometimes cues trigger actions without attention: salient, associated, ongoing task, simple action
46
Eyewitness Misidentification
71% of wrongful convictions due to eyewitness error (Innocence Project)
47
Confirmation Bias in Eyewitnesses
Interpretation influenced by expectations; e.g., immigrant bias (Lindholm & Christianson, 1998)
48
Schemas in Memory
Expectations guide recall (e.g., bank robbers are male, dark clothes – Tuckey & Brewer, 2003)
49
Face Memory Errors
Unconscious transfer, verbal overshadowing, cross-race effect
50
Eyewitness Confidence (Bradfield et al., 2002)
Confirming feedback increases confidence, especially when wrong
51
Weapon Focus
Presence of weapon reduces recall of other details (Loftus, 1979)
52
Violence & Anxiety Effects
Weapon draws attention away from other info (Pickel, 1999)
53
Age Effects in Eyewitnesses
Older adults & children more likely to report false info under suggestion
54
Children as Witnesses
Susceptible to false memories from suggestive interviews (Bottoms & Davis, 1997)
55
Leading Questions
Can distort memory via retroactive interference
56
Cognitive Interview (Geiselman, 1985)
Context reinstatement, report everything, different perspective, different orders
57
Line-up Procedures
Sequential line-ups reduce misidentification compared to simultaneous
58
What is the telencephalon responsible for?
Sensation, conscious movement, language, memory, and complex cognitive functions.
59
What functions does the diencephalon serve?
Sensory processing and relaying, motivation, hormone release, decision making, and memory.
60
What is the role of the mesencephalon?
Eye movement, visual and auditory reflexes, reward, and movement.
61
What does the metencephalon control?
Facial movement and senses, balance, language and decision production, and sleep.
62
What is the myelencephalon also known as?
Medulla, which carries signals between the brain and body and regulates arousal, sleep, attention, and movement.
63
What structures are found in the metencephalon?
The pons and the cerebellum.
64
What is the function of the pons?
Contains pathways and nuclei that pass information between the forebrain and cerebellum, and sends signals to facial muscles.
65
What is the role of the cerebellum?
Important for precise motor control, integrating sensory information, and plays a role in decision making and language.
66
What does the tectum in the midbrain do?
Contains structures involved in eye movement, motor functions, and audition.
67
What is contained in the tegmentum?
The periaqueductal gray, cerebral aqueduct, substantia nigra, and red nucleus.
68
What does the thalamus do?
Contains many nuclei that receive signals from sensory afferents and relay them to sensory regions of the brain.
69
What is the role of the hypothalamus?
Plays a role in motivational states such as sleep and sexual arousal through hormone release.
70
What is the largest part of the brain?
The telencephalon, also referred to as the cerebrum or cerebral cortex.
71
What is the function of the limbic system?
Involved in motivated behaviors such as fight or flight, feeding, and sexual behavior.
72
What are the components of the basal ganglia?
Caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus.
73
What role do the basal ganglia play?
Vital role in voluntary movement, decision making, and emotion.
74
What are the ventricles in the brain?
Interconnected cavities that produce and are filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
75
What is the function of cerebrospinal fluid?
Suspends and protects the brain, removes waste products, and plays a role in nutrient distribution.
76
What is long term potentiation?
A process where repeated stimulation of one neuron by another leads to lasting changes in the efficiency of neurotransmission.
77
What does the occipital lobe process?
Visual information, specifically through the primary visual cortex (V1).
78
What is blindsight?
A condition where the visual cortex is damaged, but individuals can navigate around objects without conscious awareness of vision.
79
What does the parietal lobe process?
Touch (somatosensation) and visual perception, as well as the location of our bodies.
80
What is the primary somatosensory cortex responsible for?
Processes information from our sense of touch.
81
What is ideomotor apraxia?
A condition where patients have difficulty making voluntary movements when out of context.
82
What is the role of the frontal lobe?
Contains motor regions for movement and the prefrontal cortex for complex cognition.
83
What is the function of the prefrontal cortex?
Key to complex functions such as working memory, decision making, and planning behavior.
84
What does the temporal lobe handle?
Audition, vision, language comprehension, and memory formation.

biological and cognitive psychology (8 decks)

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