memory Flashcards
(274 cards)
1
Q
what do canadians eat less than the recommended amount of
A
milk and alternatives
grains
fruits veg
2
Q
what are the three most prevalent type of nutrition related deaths
A
cancer, heart disease, stroke
3
Q
what are the 4 macronutrients
A
carbohydrate, protein, lipid, water
4
Q
what are the types of energy yielding macronutrients
A
carbohydrate, protein, lipid
5
Q
what are the types of nutrients
A
carbohydrate
fat
protein
water
vitamins
minerals
6
Q
what are the types of micronutrients
A
mineral
vitamin
7
Q
what do canadians typically eat in excess
A
convenience foods
processed foods
8
Q
what is metabolism
A
all reactions that occur in the body
9
Q
what is homeostasis
A
proper regulation of metabolism
10
Q
what are the functions of nutrients
A
provide energy
form and maintain structures
regulation of body processes
11
Q
what is malnutrition.
A
eating too much or too little of one or more nutrients
12
Q
what are the factors that influence food availability
A
geography
mobility/transportation
available income
food storage and prep equipment
health status
13
Q
what is nutrient density
A
measure of food nutrition compared to energy content
14
Q
what factors influence food intake
A
availability
cultural/personal background
15
Q
what is quackery
A
promoting services or products based on unproven or fraudulent practices
16
Q
what are the circumstances that drive quackery
A
demand for information
lack of evidenced based solution
17
Q
what is the CARS checklist
A
Checklist for evaluating the reliability of information
18
Q
what are the components of the CARS checklist
A
credibility, accuracy, reasonableness, support
19
Q
what are the parts of credibility in the CARS checklist
A
author credentials
organizational authorship
quality control/peer review
20
Q
what are the parts of accuracy in the CARS checklist
A
timeliness
completeness
21
Q
what are the parts of reasonableness in the CARS checklist
A
Fairness
objectivity
moderateness
22
Q
what are the parts of support in the CARS checklist
A
bibliography
corroboration
external consistency
23
Q
what is DRI
A
dietary reference intake
standard recommendation for Canada and USA. use to plan and assess diets for HEALTHY PEOPLE
24
Q
which categories do DRIs cover
A
energy
water soluble vitamins
fat soluble vitamins
minerals
water
25
what are the four sets of values given with DRIs
RDA (recommended dietary allowance)
-recommend target intake
EAR (estimated average requirement)
-amount of nutrient to meet needs of 50% of people in sex and Lifestage group
-used when large variance in needs
AI (adequate intake)
-recommended amount of nutrient for a person
-used when not enough info on nutrient
UL (tolerable upper limit)
-max daily intake unlikely to cause adverse health effects
26
what are the DRI energy intake recommendation type
EER (estimated energy requirement)
-how many kcals
AMDR (acceptable macro distribution range)
- a range is given
27
what are the AMDR ranges
45-65 carb
10-35 protein
20-35 fat
28
what does the plate in the 2019 CFG tell you
proportions of food groupings. NOT PORTION
29
what was removed in 2019 CFG
milk and alternatives food group
30
which are the 2019 CFG recommendations
-water the go to drink
-choose plant protein/low fat meat
-eat more fruit/veg and grains
-limit processed foods
-pay attention to eating behaviour
31
what does paying attention to eating behaviours entail
cook more
eat with others
mindful eating
enjoy food
32
what are some concerns with 2019 CFG
plant proteins
dairy removed
breast fed
no specific recs
vague amounts
33
what are some important nutrients from dairy
high quality protein
fat soluble vitamins
minerals
CLA
Lactose
34
what are the 'other' foods in the old CFG
includes foods with little nutritional value/high calories
35
what is the %DV in food labels based on
2000 kcal diet
36
what %DV indicates high and low amounts
15 and 5
37
what are the type of health claims that can be made for food labels
nutrient content
disease risk reduction
nutrient function
38
what does reduced nutrient mean
contains 25% less of a nutrient or energy than regular
39
which health products are regulated
vitamin and mineral supplements
natural health product
herbal remedies
traditional medicines
homeopathic products
40
what can be identified to look for more info on a health product
NPN
natural product number
41
what are food disappearance surveys used for
estimated the food available to a population and identifying trends in diets
42
what is the CHEI
canadian healthy eating index
scores diet by measuring quality of dietary pattern
43
what does pepsin do and where is it located
stomach. breaks down proteins into polypeptides and AA
44
what does trypsin and chymotrypsin do and where does it originate from
breaks proteins down into shorter polypeptides
pancreas
45
what does carboxypeptidase do and where does it originate from
breaks poly peptides into AA
pancrease
46
what does sucrase do and where does it come from
sucrose into glucose and fructose
small intestine
47
what does lactase do and where does it come from
lactose into galactose and glucose
small intestine
48
what does maltose do and where does it come from
maltose into 2 glucose
small intestine
49
what does dextrinase come from and what does ti do
glucose chain into individual glucose
50
what in the saliva protects the teeth
lysozyme
51
what is aspiration
food or liquid into lungs
52
what hormones are secreted with food enters duodenum
Secretin and CCK
53
what does secretin do
stimulate bile secretion into gallbladder and bicarbonate rich pancreatic juice secretion
54
what does bile do
emulsifies fat and breaks it into smaller easier to absorb droplets/micelles
54
what does CCK do
cause gallbladder to secrete bile.
cause pancreas to secrete pancreatic enzymes
55
what enables bile to emulsify fat
amphiphilic bile salts
56
what does the large intestine do
no digestion
absorbs water, minerals and some vitamins
57
what does microflora do in the large intestine
produce useful nutrients from normally undigestible food
58
what is an ulcer
infection of stomach by h.pylori that damages the epithelial lining
59
what is enteral feeding
tube feeding
60
what is TPN
total parenteral nutrition. IV feeding
61
what are monosaccharides and disaccharides
simple sugar
62
what are oligosaccharides and polysaccharides
complex carbohydrates
63
describe the the two types of starch
amylose (resistant starch)
-straight chain
amylopectin is digested for energy
-branched chain
64
what type of starch structure is optimal for quick hydrolyzation
branched
65
what is the difference between dietary and functional fibre
functional is extracted from plants and added into foods
66
what is soluble and insoluble fibre
soluble can be metabolized by bacteria into short chain fatty acids
insoluble is made of plant structure and remains undigested
67
name the 3 indigestible carbohyrates
oligosaccharides, fibre and resistant starch
68
what are some benefits of fibre intake
supports healthy gut microbiome
reduce LDL
prevent bowel disorders
decrease colon cancer risk
69
what is the difference between a whole and refined grain
bran and germ are removed
70
what are the synergistic effects between whole grains and gut microbiome
whole grains carry dietary fibre and phenolic compounds that can then be used by gut microbiome to produce short chain FA and phenolic metabolites
71
what is the relationship between prebiotics, probiotics and postbiotics
prebiotics = the food
probiotics = the bacteria
postbiotics = metabolites produced by bacteria
72
what type of foods are probiotics found in
fermented food
73
why does strain matter for which probiotic to consume
different effects
74
what are synbiotics
combination of probiotics and prebiotics
75
what types of AA can undergo gluconeogenesis
glucogenic
76
why can't fatty acids and ketogenic AA be used to make glucose
cannot make pyruvate from acetyl CoA
77
what does glucagon do
glucose release from liver and gluconeogenisis
78
how do plaque/caries on the teeth form
bacteria metabolize CHO which then produces acids
79
what is the premise of low carb diets
reduce insulin
ketones suppress diet
80
what are some potential benefits for keto diet
may have neuroprotective effects
-reduce epilepsy
can help metabolic diseases
-t2d
81
what are some benefits of the keto diet that are unproven/false
longevity
athletic performance
long term weight loss
82
what are some concerns with a keto diet
nutrient deficiencies
keto flu
-transition to ketosis
adherence
gut health
can increase CVD, cholesterol
83
what is the link between carbohydrates and heard disease risk
sugar increases risk
whole grains decreases risk
84
what are the risks of high intakes of fructose
increase blood lipids
increase insulin resistance
higher body weight
85
what is the recommendation for sugar intake
less than 10 percent of daily calories
86
what is secondary lactose intolerance
temporary intolerance due to a disease
87
which sweeteners should people with PKU avoid
aspartame and neotame
88
what is the AI rec for Fibre . men and women
38
25
89
what are the functions of omega3 fats
EPA = reduce risk of heart attack
DHA= development of CNS and retina
helps immune system
90
what are the functions of EFAs and PUFAs
growth
skin integrity
fertility
nerve and brain function
cell membranes
regulate BP and blood clot
eicosanoids
91
what are the functions of triglycerides
energy storage
thermal insulation
shock absorption
lubricating body surfaces
92
what are the functions of cholesterol
used to make some hormones
allows cell membranes to stay fluid
93
what are the essential fatty acids
linoleic acid
alpha linoleic acid
94
what are lipoproteins
transport structures created by combining lipids, phospholipids and proteins.
-transports fats from small intestine and stored lipids from liver
95
what are the different types of lipoproteins and what do they carry
chylomicrons
-almost all triglycerides
VLDLs
-majority of triglycerides
LDLs
-a little less than majority of triglycerides
-lots of cholesterol
HDLs
-low triglycerides
96
what do chylomicrons do
transport mainly triglycerides to liver
fat from chylomicrons can also be taken up by cells if lipoprotein lipase removes them
97
what do VLDLs do
transport lipids from liver to cells
when at cell lipoprotein lipase removes fats from VLDL transforming it into IDL (intermediate) which can either return to liver to become LDL
98
what does LDL do
transport cholesterol to cells
99
what does HDL do
transport cholesterol back to liver
100
which risk factors for CVD are modifiable through diet
elevated blood lipids
high BP
intra abdominal adiposity
obesity
101
describe atherosclerosis
damage to arterial wall causes LDL particles to enter and oxidize. macrophages then turn into foam cells which then form fatty streaks.
102
what type of blood lipid profile causes the highest risk of atherosclerosis
high LDL or total
low HDL
high triglycerides/VLDL
103
what is the effect of n-6 polyunsaturated FA on CVD risk
protective against or neutral
-decrease cholesterol synthesis
104
what is the effect of n-3 polyunsaturated FA on CVD risk
protective
-decreases blood lipids
-increases HDL
-helps maintain normal heart beat
-decrease inflammation
---> decreases blood clotting
105
what is the effect of monounsaturated FA on CVD risk
protective
-decreases LDL
106
what is the effect of trans fatty acids on CVD risk
increased risk
-increase LDL
-decrease HDL
107
does dietary cholesterol equal LDL?
not for most people
however because 20-30% find that decreasing cholesterol decreases LDL, it is still recommended to decrease cholesterol intake
108
what is the effect of SFA on CVD risk
associated with
- higher LCL
-promote cholesterol synthesis
-contribute to plaques
-increase blood lipids
109
what is the effect of coconut oil on CVD
no different than other SFAs
-health claims are not scientifically backed
110
what are the fat intake recommendations
no trans fat
saturated fat no more than 10% of energy
poly unsaturated should be 10% of energy
rest should be monounsaturated
111
what is the connection between dietary fat intake and cancer risk
high fat intake increases risk of
n-3 fatty acids reduce risk
112
what is the effect of CLA (conjugated linolic acid) and VA (vaccenic acid) on health
these are trans fats found in in ruminant animals
CLA shown to inhibit growth of several cancers
VA shown to decrease high LDL, VLDL and inflammation
113
what are the two ways that alcohol is metabolized
alcohol dehydrogenase
-products promote fat synthesis
microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS)
-used for large amount of alcohol
114
what is the relationship between fasting and fed for alcohol breakdown
ADH is broken down during fasting
115
how does alcohol consumption lead to primary and secondary malnutrition
primary
-alcohol displaces required nutrients in the diet
secondary
-damage to GI tract alters nutrient absorption, storage, metabolism and excretion
116
what is cirrhosis
irreversible scarring of the liver.
usually from alcohol
117
what is the safe of alcoholic drinks a week
0 safe
2 low risk
118
what are the fates of the AA pool
energy production
protein synthesis
glucose/fatty acid synthesis
synthesis of nitrogen containing molecules
119
what is a conditionally essential AA
essential only under certain conditions
120
what process synthesizes non essential AAs
transamination
121
what are the functions of proteins in the body
provide structure
enzyme
transport
immune system
muscle movement
hormones
fluid and acid base regulation
energy production
122
describe the process of turning protein into energy
deamination
then either used as energy, used to make glucose through gluconeogensis or synthesize fat
123
why would AAs be used as energy
energy deficit
excess protein intake
124
what is the RDA of protein
.8g/kg/d
125
what is nitrogen balance used for
analyzing protein requirement based on nitrogen intakes and losses
126
what is kwashiorkor
pure protein deficiency
bloated belly child with fat stores
127
what is marasmus
energy deficiency
-emaciation and ketosis
128
what are some issues with protein excess
kidney strain
dehydration
bone health concerns (not conclusive)
increased CVD cancer
digestive issues
nutrient imbalance
weight gain
129
what is PKU phenylketonuria
inherited condition attributed to defective gene
cannot metabolize phenylalanine
130
how are food allergies triggered
when diet is absorbed without being completely digested
131
what are the health benefits of plant proteins
decreased CVD, T2d and BP risk
132
what proportion of protein should be plant
1/3
133
what is the PDCAAS (protein digestibility amino acid score)
measures digestibility of a protein source in percent
134
what are some plant protein concerns
high intake required to meet protein needs
-changes macronutrient balance
-lower b12, iron, n3 fats, vitD and calcium
lower digestibility
-reduce mineral bioavailability
incomplete protein
reduced protein synthesis
135
where can vegans obtain b12
fortified foods
supplements
nutritional yeast
136
what is the hierarchy of nutrient use for energy
protein and carbs used first for energy then fats
137
what is the difference between BMR, BEE and REE
resting energy expenditure is done under less strict rules
138
how can TEE be estimated
doubly labeled water
direct calorimetry
139
how can BMR be estimated
indirect calorimetry
140
what is the BMI of obesity
30+
141
what is the BMI of overweight
25-30
142
what is the BMi of underweight
less than 18.5
143
what is ghrelin and what does it do
hormone produced in stomach.
stimulates food intake and reduces EE
144
what is GLP-1
hormone promotes the secretion of insulin and causes weight loss.
used for T2D treatment
145
what is leptin
hormone produced by fat cells that causes reduced food intake, reduced weight and increase EE
controlled by ob gene
146
what is adaptive thermogenesis
change in EE by factors like temperature and food intake
147
what does orlistat do
blocks lipase in the small intestine preventing the hydrolysation of fatty acids from triglycerides
148
what is gastric banding and gastric bypass
banding controls size of stomach opening
bypass involves creating a bypass from stomach to further down the small intestine
149
what do vitamins primarily act as
coenzymes
bind with enzymes to create active enzyme
150
Which vitamins are fat soluble and which are water soluble
ADEK are fat soluble
rest are water
151
increased production of what causes gallstone formation
cholesterol
152
what is thiamin and what does it do
-b1
-water soluble
-required for oxidative decarboxylations
-> PDH, 2 oxidative decarboxylations krebs
-production of ribose
-production of acetylcholine
-nerve function
153
what is beriberi
deficiency of thiamin usually seen in alcoholics
-muscle wasting
-nerve damage
-neurological symptoms
-cardovascular problems
154
what is riboflavin and what does it do
-coenzyme as FAD, FMN
-activates niacin, folate, B6 and k
155
what is ariboflavinosis
riboflavin deficiency
results in irritation and damage to eyes, skin, mouth and tongue
156
why are milk jugs opaque
to protect the heat and light sensitive riboflavin in the milk
157
what is niacin and what does it do
b3
-can be synthesized from tryptophan
-nicotinic acid, nicotinamide
-NAD, NADP
158
what is pellagra
deficiency in niacin
-3 D's
-> diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia
159
what is NADPH involved in
synthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol
160
what is niacin toxicity
usually a result of niacin supplementation
-elevated blood pressure
-arrhrythmia
-nausea
-vomiting
-high blood sugar
161
what is vitamin B6
-pyridoxine
-coenzyme as PLP (pyridoxal phosphate)
-> for AA metabolism
--->non essential AA synthesis (transamination)
--->synthesis of neurotransmitters (decarboxylation)
--->deamination
162
what are the symptoms of vitamin B6 deficiency
anemia
-microcytic -small cells
163
what is folate and what does it do
coenzyme THF
-required for methyl group transfer
-> required for DNA, RNA synthesis
-> required for production and maintenance of cells
-> synthesis of some AA
164
which cells would be the most vulnerable to folate deficiency
rapidly growing cells
-bone marrow
-skin
-baby
-intestinial lining
165
what are the symptoms of folate deficiency
macroytic anemia
-due to DNA disruptions cannot divide
neural tube defects when low folate in pregnancy
increased risk of heart disease and cancer
-higher homocysteine
166
what is the neural tube
brain and spine
167
what initiative decreased the risk of neural tube defects in canada
folic acid fortification in flour
168
what is vitamin 12
cobalamin
-iron absorption
-nerve functioning
-synthesis of hemoglobin and RBC
-break down odd number fatty acids
169
how is b12 absorbed
acids and peptin seperates it from protein in the stomach. combines with intrinsic factor in the ileum and is absorbed
170
symptoms of a b12 deficiency with normal folate levels
megaloblastic anemia (large immature cells)
decreased immune function
nerve damage and neurological symptoms
171
what will happen when there is a b12 deficiency with elevated folate levels
no megaloblastic anemia
other symptoms continue
172
what conditions are high risk for b12 deficiency
atrophic gastritis: decreased stomach acid
Pernicious anemia: less intrinisic factor
damage to ileum
173
which population group is b12 deficiency most common in
vegans and elderly
174
what are the functions of VitC
-collagen synthesis
-coenzyme for synthesis of hormones, neurotransmitters, bile acids and carnitines
-iron absorption
-antioxidant
-immune function
175
what is scurvy
vitamin C deficiency
-collagen cannot be synthesized and maintained
-anemia
176
what are antioxidants
neutralize free radicals that have the potential to damage DNA
177
what about fat soluble vitamins makes the prone to high intake toxicity
cannot be easily secreted
178
what about fat soluble vitamins makes them able to be ingested variably?
they can be stored in the fat
179
what are the different forms of vitamin A and their sources
preformed vit A (retinoids)
-animal products
-supplements
precursor form (carotenoids)
-plant
180
how is vitA involved in the visual cycle
when light strikes retina, retinal in cis form is transformed into trans which is detected and sent to brain. Some retinal is lost in this process and must be replenished by vitA
181
what is vitA used for
visual cycle
gene expression
182
why does vitA deficiency result in keratinization of the eye
no new cells that does not produce mucus instead keratin. increases risk of infection
183
is skin turning orange a sign of vitA toxicity?
no
184
who are particularly vulnerable to vitA toxicity
pregnant
smoker
185
what role does VitD have in regulating blood calcium concentration
when calcium low promotes breakdown of bone
when calcium high promotes synthesis of bone
vitD increase Ca absorption
vitD promotes calcium retention by kidneys if calcium low
186
what is the RDA of vitD
600IU for up to 70yrs
187
what can vitD deficiency result in
rickets
-bone deformities
-growth stunting
osteomalacia
-weak bones
-pain
188
what is VitE and what does it do
tocopherol
-antioxidant
-cell membranes
-protects against pollutants
189
when does hemolytic anemia occur
vitamin E deficiency in premature infants
190
what is vitamin K
-blood coagulation
-bone metabolism
-maintain vascular health
191
what are phytochemicals
health promoting substances found in plant foods
192
what are functional foods
provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition
193
what are the 4 classes of phytochemicals
carotenoids
-orange
flavonoids
-blue, red, yellow
insoles and alliums
-sulfur containing
phytoestrogens
194
what are the characteristics of intracellular fluid
higher protein
higher K+
lower Na+ and Cl-
195
what are the characteristics of extracellular fluid
loert ptpyrin
high Na+ and Cl-
low K+
196
what are the functions of fluids in the body
transport
regulate blood pressure/volume
regulate body temperature
lubrication and protection
hydrolysis
197
what is anti diuretic hormone
secreted by pituitary and causes increased water reabsorption in kidneys
198
what does the angiotensin renin aldosterone pathway induce
vasoconstriction and increased salt and water reabsorption.
199
what are the functions of sodium
action potential
nutrient transport
blood pressure and pH regulation
200
what is the AI and UL for sodium
1500mg
2300mg
201
what is the %DV for sodium based on
UL
202
what is essential hypertension
hypertension with no obvious cause
203
what is secondary hypertension
related to another condition
204
what is salt sensitivity
1/3 of people
difficulty excreting sodium
higher BP
205
what is the primary source of sodium in the Canadian diet
restaurant or processed food
206
does the average Canadian eat enough potassium
no
207
what is the difference between major and trace minerals in the body
major is >100mg/day
> 0.01% of BW
minor is <100mg/day
< 0.01% of BW
208
what do minerals primarily act as
cofactors
209
what about mineral consumption is different from vitamin
proportion matters
210
what determines if calcium is absorbed passively or actively
active if VitD
211
what increases absorption of calcium
pregnancy
spreading intake out
212
when should calcium carbonate be taken
with a meal because insoluble
213
when should calcium citrate be taken
anytime
214
what is hydroxyapatite
crystalline structure of Ca and P which forms bone and teeth
215
why do women have accelerated bone loss after menopause
no estrogen lowers bone building
216
what type of exercise can prevent osteoporosis
weight bearing exercise
217
where is the majority of phosphorus found in
bone
218
what is important for phosphorus absorption
vitD
219
what is the difference in absorption between heme and non heme iron
heme absorbed much better
220
what is the iron storage protein
ferritin
hemosiderin when ferritin is full
221
what is transferin
iron transport protein
222
what happens to RBC when not enough iron
microcytic =small
hyprochromic =no colour
this is iron deficiency anemia
223
what is the most common form of iron overload
hemochromatosis
224
why are vegetarians vulnerable to zinc intake deficiency
lower bioavailability
225
what hormone from what structure is released when there is low calcium in the blood
parathyroid hormone from parathyroid glands
226
what hormone from what structure is released when there is high blood calcium,
calcitonin from thyroid gland
227
why is most iodine stored in thyroid gland
essential for thyroid hormones
228
how does the RDA of iodine change during pregnancy and lactation
increase
229
consumption of what substance limits the bioavailability of iodine
goitrogens
230
when would CHO replenishment in beverage during exercise be needed
intense exercise > 1hr
231
what is sports anemia
not a true form of anemia
-foot strike hemolysis
-poor intake
-increase in losses
-blood volume expands
232
what are the goals of competition eating
improve performance
prevent hunger
no food in stomach
233
what is an ergogenic aid
substance that improves exercise performance
234
what is gestation
time between conception and birth
235
what is the premature birth criteria
before 37 weeks
236
what does small for gestational age mean
less than the 10%ile for age
237
what does large for gestational age mean
more than 90%ile for age
238
what is the DOHAD model
developmental origins of health and adult disease
fetus makes predictive adjustments based on mother's nutrient intake which can reduce or increase chronic disease risk in life
same principle happens when growing as a child
this cycle can be inherited to children
239
comparing obese mother to underweight mother, who will gain more weight in pregnancy
underweight.
240
what is more common, GWG excess, met or below
excess
241
what happens to energy needs in the first trimester of pregnancy
nothing
242
how should macronutrint intake change when pregnant
same fat
more protein
more carbohydrates than RDA
-usually most are above RDA before pregnancy
243
what are the nutrients of concern during pregnancy
folic acid
-before and during
iron
-second and third trimesters
N-3 FA, VitD, Choline
244
what happens to mother's calcium requirement during pregnancy and lactation
nothing
245
what is a teterogen
factor that can cause malformation of embryo
246
what is colostrum
immature milk secreted during first days after delivery.
rich in protein and immune factors
247
what is let-down and what is it triggered by
release of milk from glands
trigged by oxytocin
248
how many calories per day does milk require
700-800
-fat stores make some of this
248
how many extra calories should lactating women consume
300-500
249
what are the macro changes for lactation
25 extra protein
80 extra carbohydrates
250
what are the proportion of macros for infants compared to adults
higher fat lower protein
allows higher energy density
251
why is breastfeeding preferable for baby nutrition
nutrients in ideal proportions and forms
-lactoferrins, fats, proteins and oligosaccharides
-decreased risk for baby allergies, infections and SIDS
-develop microflora, immune system and intestinal tract
252
why is optimal nutrition critical in first year
organ development
nervous system development
10inch length and triple weight
253
what is the WHO rec for breastfeeding duration
only breast feeding 6 months
breast + solids 6 months
continue breast for minimum first 2 years
254
in what scenarios is formula superior to breastfeeding
very small and weak babies
women taking some prescriptions
women with alcohol and drug abuse
women with some viruses
255
what is weaning
decrease breastmilk
more solid food
256
what are the nutrients of concern when weaning
water
iron
VitD
VitC
257
why no cows milk before 9-12 months
not nutritionally appropriate
-too much protein and calcium
-low iron
increase risk of whey and casein allergy
258
how to deal with potential allergies in infant
solid foods should be introduced one at a time for a week
259
what is colic
uncontrollable crying for hours
cause unknown
potentially caused by gut irritation
260
what is nursing bottle syndrome
leaving infant alone with bottle leading to cavities and tooth decay
261
what is the largest macronutrient requirement change in children as they grow up
fat is reduced
262
why are children at higher risk for lead exposure
they absorb it better
263
define eating disorder
psychiatric condition involving extreme body dissatisfaction and long term eating patterns harming the body
264
what are OSFED and UFED
other specified feeding or eating disorder and unspecified feeding or eating disorder
-variety of abnormal or atypical eating behaviours used to reduce weight
265
how many females will die from anorexia nervosa
5-20%
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if a person meets the criteria for anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa what is their catagorization
anorexia nervosa
binge eating/purging type
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what is bulimia nervosa
eating disorder
binge eating/purging
268
what is pica
eating non nutritive substances for a period of at least a month
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what is the difference between bulimia and binge eating disorder
bulimia also includes purging
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what is REDS
relative energy deficiency syndrome
not enough energy to meet exercise demands
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what are the possible treatments of ED
nutritional rehab
psychosocial intervention
medication
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