Memory 2 Flashcards
What are the ways LTM can be encoded?
Structural Processing : physical features (shallow)
Phonemic Processing : sound of the word (intermediate)
Semantic Processing : meaning of the word (deep)
What is the semantic network theory?
- nodes connected to each other by a link
- shorter the link stronger the connection
State the 3 main ways of measuring how much a person has remembered.
- ) Recall = retrieval of stored info using minimal clues . Free, serial and cued.
- ) Recognition = identification of correct info among a list of incorrect info
- ) Relearning =learning something that has been previously learnt. Calculated using a savings score : time for original learning minus time for relearning divided by time for original learning multiplied by 100
Define forgetting
Refers to the inability to access material stored in the LTM at a certain time
Who was the first person to study forgetting and what did he find?
Ebbinghaus.
- forgetting curve(forgetting is rapid after initial learning)
- around 65% is lost in the first 8 hrs
What are the 4 theories of forgetting?
- ) Retrieval failure theory - depends on the type of cue we use
- ) Interference theory - retrieval issues due to competing, similar info being stored
- ) Motivated forgetting - advantage to not remembering
- ) Decay theory - lack of use
Define Learning
A permanent change often of behavior, that occurs as a result of experience.
Explain Classical Conditioning
- originally seen in animals
- forming an association between 2 stimuli resulting in a learned response
- Pavlov’s dogs
Explain Operant Conditioning
- Thorndike
- repeat desired responses that are rewarded and drop other responses that are punished
- Skinner box
- antecedent, behavior, consequence
What are the four principles of observational learning?
- ) observing behavior and consequences of others
- ) learning can remain latent
- ) learner has awareness and expectations of future reinforcements or punishments
- ) link between operant conditioning and cognitive learning theories
What is needed for observational learning?
- Attention
- Retention
- Reproduction
- Motivation
- Reinforcement
Define a token economy
An artificial system of reward and reinforcement where symbolic markers are used to reward behavior. The markers can then be exchanged for goods or privileges.
What is systematic desensitization?
Commonly used and effective form of behavioural therapy that has helped people manage their fears.
- ) Relaxation strategies
- ) Breaking down the anxiety (fear hierarchy)
- ) Pairing of items (classical conditioning)
What does CBT consist of?
replacing dysfunctional thoughts with ones that can be managed
