Memory 2 - memory impacted in depression Flashcards
(11 cards)
- To what extent is forgetting/memory control impacted in depression?
LOA and focus of 3 paras
There is some indication that depression is associated with reduced memory control in terms of forgetting (Associated with slower retrieval of positive memories and overgeneral memory)
This is more consistently reported for attentional control effects (i.e. Item-Method DF) than for context change (List-Method) or direct suppression (TNT).
Depression - Low mood and loss of interest or pleasure in activities for an extended period of time (weeks, months) that affects your daily functioning.
DF LIST, DF ITEM + DIRECT SUPRESSION
- To what extent is forgetting/memory control impacted in depression?
how might depression impacted in item method and list method?
Item method - Depression may alter attentional processes and rehearsal strategies (especially negative?)
List method - Depression may affect episodic binding of context information and ability to control cognition.
- To what extent is forgetting/memory control impacted in depression?
List method directed forgetting in depression research + critical eval
power….
List method directed forgetting in depression
Research by Power (2000) – Experiments 1-3. Items are positive and negative trait adjectives. Expts 2 and 3: self-referential processing. Found that Neutral items unaffected, Impaired directed forgetting– issue with context change? Sample of controls and depressed people.
[But – not replicated in better powered Expt 2 with dysphoric participants.Effect specific to more serious depression like MDD?Or issue with power? Not consistently replicated]
- To what extent is forgetting/memory control impacted in depression?
Item method directed forgetting in depression
research x2
yang….
Kuehl …
Research by Yang et al. (2016) Found lower overall recall for TBR items in participants with MDD than controls. Directed forgetting Effect for neutral & negative items in controls.Only in neutral for MDD. Worse attentional control for negative only – poorer negative memory control.
Kuehl et al. (2017) observed similar forgetting of positive, negative, and neutral words mixed on a long list for patients with major depression and healthy controls.
- To what extent is forgetting/memory control impacted in depression?
direct suppression research
joormann…
Findings from Think/No-Think studies are mixed e.g. Joorman et al., (2009) found No suppression of negative items in MDD.
But others (e.g. Joorman et al., 2005; Noreen & Ridout, 2016) have not replicated this finding.
- Explain mood congruency and over general memory effects in depression within the context of the Self Memory System framework.
mood congruency
Mood congruency is when Material that is congruent with our current mood state is more likely to be retrieved/is retrieved more quickly.
Widely observed in laboratory experiments (e.g. Teasdale & Russel, 1983), everyday mood measurements (Loeffler, Myrtek & Peper, 2013) and studies of autobiographical memories (Drace, 2013, Drace et al, 2015).
- Explain mood congruency and over general memory effects in depression within the context of the Self Memory System framework.
Mood congruency and depression research x2
Williams and Broadbent …
Research by Williams & Broadbent (1986) involved Timed cue-word technique used to elicit AMs and found that Patients with depression(who had attempted suicide) take longer than controls to recall memories elicited by positive cues. But found no difference for negative cues. [However, found no difference for negative cues]
The early findings from suicidal patients have been replicated in studies by Williams and Dritschel (1988)
- Explain mood congruency and over general memory effects in depression within the context of the Self Memory System framework.
Over general memory in depression explain
williams….
There is research that suggests that style of recall also differs between typical controls & individuals with depression (Williams et al., 2007). Latency problem because individuals with depression fail to come up with specific positive memories?
OGM since reported in relation to depression many times, including: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD); individuals with previous episodes of MDD; Individuals with dysphoria (subclinical). And appears to have links with a history of trauma/PTSD. But NOT General Anxiety Disorder, social phobia, blood/spider fear.
Specific to emotional disorders involving depression and /or PTSD.
- Explain mood congruency and over general memory effects in depression within the context of the Self Memory System framework.
Over general memory in depression research x2
Williams…
kaney…
Williams et al (2007) review - highlighted that overgeneral memory is a consistent characteristic of patients with a diagnosis of MDD. Eleven studies show a significant difference between depressed patients and matched controls.
Failures to replicate overgeneral memory in currently depressed patients are relatively rare. Kaney et al. (1999) found no evidence of overgeneral memory in a group of depressed patients with delusional disorders, and Iqbal, Birchwood et al. (2004) study of postpsychotic depression found no overall main effect, though there was an effect for positive cue words.
- Explain mood congruency and over general memory effects in depression within the context of the Self Memory System framework.
summary about over general memory in depression
In summary, the overwhelming majority of studies have shown that overgeneral memory is closely associated with depression or depressive symptoms.In depression, overgeneral memory may reflect a protective function, Difficulty in controlled generative search process. Indicates that memory control difficulty may be implicated in depression.
- Explain mood congruency and over general memory effects in depression within the context of the Self Memory System framework.
Memory specificity training explain and research
Barry…
MeST (Raes et al., 2009) - Psychotherapeutic intervention derived from basic science. Basic premise – training to retrieve specific memories through focusing on sensory-perceptual and contextual details.
Research by Barry et al (2019) Meta-analysis found that MeST outperforms passive (e.g. waitlist) and active (e.g. psychoeducation) controls in terms of effects on ABM specificity and reducing depressive symptoms. Used across cultural settings (UK, US, Belgium, Spain, Japan, Iran)
