Memory

Question 1

What type of memory involves the aid of previous experiences in the performance of a task without conscious awareness of these previous experiences.

Answer 1

Implicit (procedural)

• Long term

Question 2

What type of memory is long term, implicit memory used in behavioral learning, skill acquisition, habit formation, and classical conditioning? Often involves operating without conscious awareness of doing so.

Answer 2

Procedural (implicit)

• Long term

Question 3

What type of memory is the conscious, intentional recollection of previous experiences and information?

Answer 3

Explicit (declarative)

• Long term memory

Question 4

What type of memory is long term, explicit memory that involves events, experiences, or facts that are available for conscious recall?

Answer 4

Declarative (explicit)

• Long term

Question 5

What type of memory refers to the long term, explicit memory of factual information and general knowledge about the world?

Answer 5

Semantic - Factual knowledge

• Long term

Question 6

What type of memory is the long term, explicit recollection of contextually specific events (e.g. place, time, environment, happenings, etc.)?

Answer 6

Episodic - Events

• Long term

Question 7

Short term memory is also referred to as _____________ memory.

Answer 7

Working memory

Question 8

Echoic memory is experienced through (tactile/auditory/visual) means.

Answer 8

Auditory

Question 9

Haptic memory is experienced through (tactile/auditory/visual) means.

Answer 9

Tactile

Question 10

Iconic memory is experienced through (tactile/auditory/visual) means.

Answer 10

Visual

Question 11

Visual memory persistence lasts approximately ___ms.

Answer 11

400ms

Question 12

Auditory memory persistence lasts approximately ___-___ms.

Answer 12

200-300ms

Question 13

Retaining a stimulus beyond the initial, short-lived sensory memories (echoic/haptic/iconic) requires involvement of _______________.

Answer 13

Working (short term) memory

Question 14

Average memory span is __ items, plus or minus __. However, memory may be expanded by“chunking” long strings of items together.

Answer 14

7, plus or minus 2.

Question 15

Working memory makes use of ___________ and ____________ systems.

Answer 15

Linguistic and visuospatial

Question 16

(T/F) Manipulating information or phonological rehearsal is necessary or the passive store will decay within minutes.

Answer 16

False. Manipulation or rehearsal of information is necessary or the passive store will decay within SECONDS, not minutes.

Question 17

Blood flow significantly increases to __________ and _________ in the brain when quietly repeating a phone number for commitment to memory. These areas are involved in passive phonological storage and active rehearsal.

Answer 17

• Broca’s area
• Wernicke’s area

Question 18

________ refers to the use of sensory qualities of the remembered facts as cues for recall.

Answer 18

Priming

Question 19

(Amnesia/Memory decline/Memory deficit) refers to the normal age-related changes in memory.

Answer 19

Memory decline

Question 20

(Amnesia/Memory decline/Memory deficit) refers to non-normal changes in memory associated with disease.

Answer 20

Memory deficit

Question 21

(Amnesia/Memory decline/Memory deficit) is defined as a significant difference between one’s IQ and declarative memory.

Answer 21

Amnesia

Question 22

In contrast to many brain regions that do not lose appreciable numbers of neurons throughout life, 15-20% of the neurons in the ___________ and ____________ may be lost in old age.

Answer 22

Neostriatum and prefrontal cortex

Question 23

Increasing numbers of neurofibrillary tangles appear with age in the ____________ beginning in the fifth decade of life.

Answer 23

Hippocampus

Alzheimer’s

Question 24

(Anterograde/Retrograde/Source) amnesia is the inability to recall context in which memories are formed.

Answer 24

Source

Question 25

(Anterograde/Retrograde/Source) amnesia is the **inability to learn or recall new information**.

Answer 25

Anterograde

Question 26

(Anterograde/Retrograde/Source) amnesia is the **inability to recall previously learned information**.

Answer 26

Retrograde

Question 27

A traditional view of **amnesia** attributes memory loss to **damage** within a functional circuit comprised of the **hippocampus**, **fornix**, and **mammillary bodies** known as the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 27

**Papez** circuit

Question 28

Paul McLean revised the Papez circuit to include the ____________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 28

**Amygdala** and **hypothalamus**

Question 29

(T/F) The **amygdala** and **hippocampal** formation receive direct inputs from the **olfactory**, **gustatory**, and **general visceral afferent** systems.

Answer 29

True.

Question 30

(T/F) Inputs from modalities such as vision, audition, and somatic sensation gain direct access to the amygdala and hippocampus after leaving the cortical association areas.

Answer 30

False. These modalities must first **project** to the **orbital**, **insular**, and **perirhinal** cortices, and **then to the entorhinal cortex** and **amygdala** before gaining access to the **hippocampus**.

Question 31

The (dentate gyrus/subiculum/hippocampus) is the major source of **output** in the **hippocampus formation**.

Answer 31

**Subiculum**

Question 32

Injury to the **basal forebrain** (**nucleus basalis**) may cause ____________ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 32

**Amnesia** or **Alzheimer**'**s** disease

Question 33

**Basal forebrain** (nucleus basalis) damage may also occur from **aneurysm** of the (anterior/middle/posterior) cerebral artery.

Answer 33

Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA)

Question 34

**Precommissural fibers** of the **fornix** terminate in the (mammillary bodies/septal nuclei).

Answer 34

Septal nuclei

Question 35

**Postcommissural** **fibers** of the **fornix** terminate in the (mammillary bodies/septal nuclei).

Answer 35

Mammillary bodies

Question 36

**Long-lasting synaptic change** in response to **brief**, **high**-**frequency** stimulation is referred to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.

Answer 36

Long term potentiation (LTP) * In hippocampus

Question 37

The **inferior** (occipital/parietal/temporal) lobe, especially the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, is particularly vulnerable to **epileptic seizures**.

Answer 37

Temporal; hippocampus

Question 38

(T/F) Temporal lobectomy, resection of the hippocampi, or damage to the hippocampal formation may only result in anterograde amnesia.

Answer 38

False. Removal or damage of the hippocampi or other associated structures in the temporal lobe may result in **both anterograde** and **retrograde amnesia**.

Question 39

What are the three major aspects of the memory profile in Alzheimer's patients?

Answer 39

* **Severe explicit memory deficit** due to poor encoding and consolidation after extensive **damage** to the **hippocampal**-**amygdala complex**. * **Partial implicit memory deficit** (priming) for verbal and visuoperceptual material reflecting **damage** to **lexical**-**semantic system** and damage to **cortical association** **areas**. * Spared implicit memory for visuomotor skills suggests integrity of primary motor and sensory cortex and basal ganglia.

Question 40

Patients with (right/left) **medial temporal** lesions have difficulty **retaining verbal material** (prose, word lists, verbal paired associative learning).

Answer 40

**Left** medial temporal lesions

Question 41

Patients with (right/left) **medial temporal lesions** have **difficulty learning nonverbal**, **patterned stimuli** like geometric figures, faces, tonal patterns, and visual and tactile mazes.

Answer 41

**Right** medial temporal lesions

Question 42

The (dorsomedial/anterolateral) **temporal lobes** are thought to play an important role in the **storage** and **retrieval** of **past autobiographical** memories.

Answer 42

Anterolateral

Question 43

After receiving input from the fornix, the **mammillary bodies project** to the (ventromedial/ventrolateral/dorsomedial/anterior/dorsolateral) **thalamic** nucleus.

Answer 43

**Anterior** thalamic nucleus

Question 44

After receiving input, the **amygdala projects** to the (ventromedial/ventrolateral/dorsomedial/anterior/dorsolateral) **thalamic** nucleus.

Answer 44

**Dorsomedial** thalamic nucleus

Question 45

Patients with severe cases of **Wernicke**-**Korsakoff disease** have a history of chronic alcoholism. After recovery, these patients may exhibit severe (anterograde/retrograde/source) **amnesia**. This is known as Korsakoff's amnesia.

Answer 45

Anterograde

Question 46

**Korsakoff**'**s amnesia** typically results from damage to the (mammillary bodies/dorsomedial nuclei/both).

Answer 46

A bit of a trick question. Korsakoff's amnesia may result from damage to **mammillary** **bodies**, the **dorsomedial nuclei**, OR **both**.

Question 47

(T/F) In addition to **damaged mammillary bodies**, **dorsomedial nuclei**, or in some cases, both structures, patients suffering from Korsakoff's amnesia may also display damage in the **medial pulvinar** and **lateral dorsal** nuclei, the **cerebral cortex**, the **cerebellum**, the **hippocampus**, and the **fornix**.

Answer 47

True.

Question 48

**Frontal lobe lesions** may result in (anterograde/retrograde/source) **amnesia**, along with **difficulty ordering events** in **time**.

Answer 48

**Source** amnesia

Question 49

In recent murine testing, **lesions** of the (hippocampal formation/amygdala/striatum) have **abolished punishment** and **reward instincts**.

Answer 49

**Amygdala**

Question 50

In recent murine testing, **lesions** of the (hippocampal formation/amygdala/striatum) have **abolished habit learning**.

Answer 50

**Striatum** (caudate and putamen)

Question 51

In recent murine testing, **lesions** of the (hippocampal formation/amygdala/striatum) have **abolished spatial memory**.

Answer 51

**Hippocampal** formation

Question 52

What two structures are shown to have **iconic memory traces** in visual perceptions?

Answer 52

* **Retina** * **Lateral geniculate**