Memory Flashcards

(52 cards)

1
Q

What type of memory involves the aid of previous experiences in the performance of a task without conscious awareness of these previous experiences.

A

Implicit (procedural)

  • Long term
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2
Q

What type of memory is long term, implicit memory used in behavioral learning, skill acquisition, habit formation, and classical conditioning? Often involves operating without conscious awareness of doing so.

A

Procedural (implicit)

  • Long term
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3
Q

What type of memory is the conscious, intentional recollection of previous experiences and information?

A

Explicit (declarative)

  • Long term memory
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4
Q

What type of memory is long term, explicit memory that involves events, experiences, or facts that are available for conscious recall?

A

Declarative (explicit)

  • Long term
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5
Q

What type of memory refers to the long term, explicit memory of factual information and general knowledge about the world?

A

Semantic - Factual knowledge

  • Long term
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6
Q

What type of memory is the long term, explicit recollection of contextually specific events (e.g. place, time, environment, happenings, etc.)?

A

Episodic - Events

  • Long term
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7
Q

Short term memory is also referred to as _____________ memory.

A

Working memory

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8
Q

Echoic memory is experienced through (tactile/auditory/visual) means.

A

Auditory

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9
Q

Haptic memory is experienced through (tactile/auditory/visual) means.

A

Tactile

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10
Q

Iconic memory is experienced through (tactile/auditory/visual) means.

A

Visual

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11
Q

Visual memory persistence lasts approximately ___ms.

A

400ms

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12
Q

Auditory memory persistence lasts approximately ___-___ms.

A

200-300ms

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13
Q

Retaining a stimulus beyond the initial, short-lived sensory memories (echoic/haptic/iconic) requires involvement of _______________.

A

Working (short term) memory

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14
Q

Average memory span is __ items, plus or minus __. However, memory may be expanded bychunking” long strings of items together.

A

7, plus or minus 2.

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15
Q

Working memory makes use of ___________ and ____________ systems.

A

Linguistic and visuospatial

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16
Q

(T/F) Manipulating information or phonological rehearsal is necessary or the passive store will decay within minutes.

A

False. Manipulation or rehearsal of information is necessary or the passive store will decay within SECONDS, not minutes.

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17
Q

Blood flow significantly increases to __________ and _________ in the brain when quietly repeating a phone number for commitment to memory. These areas are involved in passive phonological storage and active rehearsal.

A
  • Broca’s area
  • Wernicke’s area
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18
Q

________ refers to the use of sensory qualities of the remembered facts as cues for recall.

A

Priming

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19
Q

(Amnesia/Memory decline/Memory deficit) refers to the normal age-related changes in memory.

A

Memory decline

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20
Q

(Amnesia/Memory decline/Memory deficit) refers to non-normal changes in memory associated with disease.

A

Memory deficit

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21
Q

(Amnesia/Memory decline/Memory deficit) is defined as a significant difference between one’s IQ and declarative memory.

22
Q

In contrast to many brain regions that do not lose appreciable numbers of neurons throughout life, 15-20% of the neurons in the ___________ and ____________ may be lost in old age.

A

Neostriatum and prefrontal cortex

23
Q

Increasing numbers of neurofibrillary tangles appear with age in the ____________ beginning in the fifth decade of life.

A

Hippocampus

Alzheimer’s

24
Q

(Anterograde/Retrograde/Source) amnesia is the inability to recall context in which memories are formed.

25
(Anterograde/Retrograde/Source) amnesia is the **inability to learn or recall new information**.
Anterograde
26
(Anterograde/Retrograde/Source) amnesia is the **inability to recall previously learned information**.
Retrograde
27
A traditional view of **amnesia** attributes memory loss to **damage** within a functional circuit comprised of the **hippocampus**, **fornix**, and **mammillary bodies** known as the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
**Papez** circuit
28
Paul McLean revised the Papez circuit to include the ____________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
**Amygdala** and **hypothalamus**
29
(T/F) The **amygdala** and **hippocampal** formation receive direct inputs from the **olfactory**, **gustatory**, and **general visceral afferent** systems.
True.
30
(T/F) Inputs from modalities such as vision, audition, and somatic sensation gain direct access to the amygdala and hippocampus after leaving the cortical association areas.
False. These modalities must first **project** to the **orbital**, **insular**, and **perirhinal** cortices, and **then to the entorhinal cortex** and **amygdala** before gaining access to the **hippocampus**.
31
The (dentate gyrus/subiculum/hippocampus) is the major source of **output** in the **hippocampus formation**.
**Subiculum**
32
Injury to the **basal forebrain** (**nucleus basalis**) may cause ____________ or \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
**Amnesia** or **Alzheimer**'**s** disease
33
**Basal forebrain** (nucleus basalis) damage may also occur from **aneurysm** of the (anterior/middle/posterior) cerebral artery.
Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA)
34
**Precommissural fibers** of the **fornix** terminate in the (mammillary bodies/septal nuclei).
Septal nuclei
35
**Postcommissural** **fibers** of the **fornix** terminate in the (mammillary bodies/septal nuclei).
Mammillary bodies
36
**Long-lasting synaptic change** in response to **brief**, **high**-**frequency** stimulation is referred to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Long term potentiation (LTP) * In hippocampus
37
The **inferior** (occipital/parietal/temporal) lobe, especially the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, is particularly vulnerable to **epileptic seizures**.
Temporal; hippocampus
38
(T/F) Temporal lobectomy, resection of the hippocampi, or damage to the hippocampal formation may only result in anterograde amnesia.
False. Removal or damage of the hippocampi or other associated structures in the temporal lobe may result in **both anterograde** and **retrograde amnesia**.
39
What are the three major aspects of the memory profile in Alzheimer's patients?
* **Severe explicit memory deficit** due to poor encoding and consolidation after extensive **damage** to the **hippocampal**-**amygdala complex**. * **Partial implicit memory deficit** (priming) for verbal and visuoperceptual material reflecting **damage** to **lexical**-**semantic system** and damage to **cortical association** **areas**. * Spared implicit memory for visuomotor skills suggests integrity of primary motor and sensory cortex and basal ganglia.
40
Patients with (right/left) **medial temporal** lesions have difficulty **retaining verbal material** (prose, word lists, verbal paired associative learning).
**Left** medial temporal lesions
41
Patients with (right/left) **medial temporal lesions** have **difficulty learning nonverbal**, **patterned stimuli** like geometric figures, faces, tonal patterns, and visual and tactile mazes.
**Right** medial temporal lesions
42
The (dorsomedial/anterolateral) **temporal lobes** are thought to play an important role in the **storage** and **retrieval** of **past autobiographical** memories.
Anterolateral
43
After receiving input from the fornix, the **mammillary bodies project** to the (ventromedial/ventrolateral/dorsomedial/anterior/dorsolateral) **thalamic** nucleus.
**Anterior** thalamic nucleus
44
After receiving input, the **amygdala projects** to the (ventromedial/ventrolateral/dorsomedial/anterior/dorsolateral) **thalamic** nucleus.
**Dorsomedial** thalamic nucleus
45
Patients with severe cases of **Wernicke**-**Korsakoff disease** have a history of chronic alcoholism. After recovery, these patients may exhibit severe (anterograde/retrograde/source) **amnesia**. This is known as Korsakoff's amnesia.
Anterograde
46
**Korsakoff**'**s amnesia** typically results from damage to the (mammillary bodies/dorsomedial nuclei/both).
A bit of a trick question. Korsakoff's amnesia may result from damage to **mammillary** **bodies**, the **dorsomedial nuclei**, OR **both**.
47
(T/F) In addition to **damaged mammillary bodies**, **dorsomedial nuclei**, or in some cases, both structures, patients suffering from Korsakoff's amnesia may also display damage in the **medial pulvinar** and **lateral dorsal** nuclei, the **cerebral cortex**, the **cerebellum**, the **hippocampus**, and the **fornix**.
True.
48
**Frontal lobe lesions** may result in (anterograde/retrograde/source) **amnesia**, along with **difficulty ordering events** in **time**.
**Source** amnesia
49
In recent murine testing, **lesions** of the (hippocampal formation/amygdala/striatum) have **abolished punishment** and **reward instincts**.
**Amygdala**
50
In recent murine testing, **lesions** of the (hippocampal formation/amygdala/striatum) have **abolished habit learning**.
**Striatum** (caudate and putamen)
51
In recent murine testing, **lesions** of the (hippocampal formation/amygdala/striatum) have **abolished spatial memory**.
**Hippocampal** formation
52
What two structures are shown to have **iconic memory traces** in visual perceptions?
* **Retina** * **Lateral geniculate**