Memory

Question 1

<p>what is the capacity of STM?</p>

Answer 1

<p>7+-2 units (Miller)</p>

Question 2

<p>what is the duration of STM?</p>

Answer 2

<p>around 30 seconds (Investigated by Atkinson and Shiffrin)</p>

Question 3

<p>how are memories coded into STM?</p>

Answer 3

<p>acoustically</p>

Question 4

<p>what is the capacity of LTM?</p>

Answer 4

<p>unlimited</p>

Question 5

<p>what is the duration of LTM?</p>

Answer 5

<p>lifetime</p>

Question 6

<p>how are memories coded into LTM?</p>

Answer 6

<p>semantic</p>

Question 7

<p>what are the 3 types of LTM?</p>

Answer 7

<p>procedural
semantic
episodic</p>

Question 8

<p>who created the multistore model?</p>

Answer 8

<p>Atkinson and Shiffrin</p>

Question 9

<p>what is one limitation of the multistore model?</p>

Answer 9

<p>too simplistic

| rehearsal isn't always needed</p>

Question 10

who proposed the working model of memory?

Answer 10

Baddeley and Hitch

Question 11

who investigated the primacy and recency effect?

what was the experiment?

Answer 11

Glanzer and Cunitz
List of words, see what pps remember.
primacy effect - the first couple of words were put into LTM
recency effect - the words at the end were in STM

Question 12

who investigated the case study of KF?

and how does this support the difference between LTM and STM?

Answer 12

Shallice and Warrington
LTM was unaffected
STM damaged, no more memories can be made

Question 13

What is the issues with the central executive?

Answer 13

no supporting evidence

Question 14

what are the components of the working memory model?

Answer 14

central executive
phonological loop
visuospatial sketchpad
episodic buffer

Question 15

how does KF support working memory model?

Answer 15

his verbal memory effected
visual memory unaffected
supports the ideas of multiple slave systems

Question 16

what are the explanations for forgetting?

Answer 16

interference

retrieval failure

Question 17

what are the two types of interference?

Answer 17

retroactive - when new information interferes with old

proactive - when old information interferes with new

Question 18

who investigated interference?

what was the experiment?

Answer 18

lab experiment
participants were split into two groups.
Both groups had to remember a list of paired words The experimental group also had to learn another list of words where the second paired word if different
The control group were not given the second list.
All participants were asked to recall the words on the first list. The recall of the control group was more accurate than that of the experimental group. This suggests that learning items in the second list interfered with participants’ ability to recall the list. This is an example of retroactive interference.

Question 19

what are the types of retrieval cues?

Answer 19

context - external environment cues

state - bodily cues inside us

Question 20

who investigated retrieval cues?

and what did they do?

Answer 20

Baddeley
asked deep sea divers to remember a list of words
One group did this on the beach and the other group underwater. When they were asked to remember the words half of the beach learners remained on the beach, the rest had to recall underwater.
Half of the underwater group remained there and the others had to recall on the beach.

Question 21

who did the experiment on misleading information?

what did they investigate/do?

Answer 21

Loftus and Palmer
Forty-five American students
laboratory experiment
five conditions
only one of which was experienced by each participant (an independent measures experimental design).
Participants were shown slides of a car accident involving a number of cars
They were then asked specific questions, including the question “About how fast were the cars going when they (hit/smashed/collided/bumped/contacted ) each other?”

Question 22

what are the criticisms of the misleading information experiment?

Answer 22

lacks ecological validity
use of students - cannot represent the general population
a strength of this study is that it is easy to replicate

Question 23

what is the Yerkes-Dodson law?

Answer 23

this law states that as anxiety increases, so does recall, however it reaches a point where anxiety gets too much and therefore recall decreases
goes alongside a graph that shows anxieties effect on recall.

Question 24

who investigated anxiety’s effect on recall?

what was the experiment?

Answer 24

Yuille and Cutshall
contradicts the importance of stress in influencing eyewitness memory.
21 witnesses observed a shooting incident
which 1 person was killed and a 2nd seriously wounded.
All of the witnesses were interviewed by the investigating police, and 13 witnesses (aged 15-32 yrs) agreed to a research interview 4-5 months after the event. The witnesses were also asked to rate how stressed they had felt at the time of the incident, using a 7 point scale.
The results of the study showed the witnesses were highly accurate in their accounts, and there was little change in amount or accuracy of recall after 5 months. The study also showed that stress levels did not have an effect on memory, contrary to lab findings.

Question 25

what are the stages of the cognitive interview?

Answer 25

context reinstatement
change perspective
recall in reverse order
report everything

Question 26

what are the limitations of the cognitive interview?

Answer 26

Limitations:

• time consuming
• officers require training which can be expensive and time consuming