Memory

Question 1

Anxiety

Answer 1

Emotional arousal where people experience uncertainty

Question 2

Articulatory Process

Answer 2

Part of phonological loop that repeats sounds and words

Question 3

Capacity

Answer 3

The amount of information held in the memory

Question 4

Central Executive

Answer 4

Part of the working memory model that coordinates other components

Question 5

Coding

Answer 5

Changing the format of information for use in memory

Question 6

Cognitive interview

Answer 6

Interview technique devised to improve the the accuracy to witness recall

Question 7

Context dependant failure

Answer 7

Forgetting due to external cues being different to the time of learning

Question 8

Cue dependant forgetting

Answer 8

Failure to recall due to absence of cue/trigger

Question 9

Duration

Answer 9

length of time information is in your memory

Question 10

Episodic buffer

Answer 10

Part of the working memory model that integrates information to other components

Question 11

Episodic memory

Answer 11

LTM - about specific events and experiences

Question 12

Eye witness testimony

Answer 12

Account given by people of an event they have witnessed

Question 13

Forgetting

Answer 13

failure to retrieve memories

Question 14

Inner scribe

Answer 14

Part of the visuo-spatial sketchpad, stores physical relationship of items

Question 15

Inference theory

Answer 15

Memory disrupted by things learnt in the past or future

Question 16

Leading Question

Answer 16

Questioned phrased to prompt a desired answer

Question 17

Long term memory

Answer 17

Permanent store holding unlimited amounts of information for long periods of time

Question 18

Misleading Information

Answer 18

Incorrect information given to the eyewitness

Question 19

Multi-store memory

Answer 19

Memory that flows through a series of sources

Question 20

Phonological Loop

Answer 20

WWM - dealing with auditory information

Question 21

Post-event discussion

Answer 21

Source of misleading information where witnesses discuss what they saw

Question 22

Primary acoustic store

Answer 22

Phonological loop stores words that are heard

Question 23

Proactive inference

Answer 23

Old memories interfere with the new ones

Question 24

Procedural memory

Answer 24

LTM - knowing how

Question 25

Repression

Answer 25

Unpleasant material pushed into concious mind

Question 26

Retrival

Answer 26

recall of stored memories

Question 27

Retrieval Failure

Answer 27

Recall thar are due to the absence of the correct retriavl cues

Question 28

Retroactive Inference

Answer 28

New memories interfere with the old

Question 29

Schema

Answer 29

Cognitive framework that helps organise information

Question 30

Semantic memory

Answer 30

Facts and information

Question 31

Sensory register

Answer 31

sensory information lasting no longer than a few seconds

Question 32

Short term memory

Answer 32

temporary memory store that holds limited information for a short period of time

Question 33

State dependant forgetting

Answer 33

forgetting occurs because emotional state is different to the time of learning

Question 34

Visual Cache

Answer 34

visuo spatial sketchpad - WMM deals with visual information

Question 35

Working memory model

Answer 35

Model suggests STM is composed from 3 limited capacity stores

Question 36

What is the duration capacity and coding of sensory memory

Answer 36

Duration - half a second Capacity - 5 objects can be consciously recalled Coding - sense specific

Question 37

What is the duration capacity and coding of short term memory

Answer 37

Duration - 18 seconds Capacity - 7+/-2 Coding - acoustic

Question 38

What is the duration capacity and coding of long term memory

Answer 38

Duration - unlimited Capacity - unlimited Coding - semantic

Question 39

+ MSM - Clive Wearing

Answer 39

amnesia; no LTM (no memories of the past eg. His children; previous sentence in a conversation); STM only.

Question 40

+ MSM - KF

Answer 40

motorcycle crash where he had sustained brain damage. His LTM seemed to be unaffected but he was only able to recall the last bit of information he had heard in his STM.

Question 41

- MSM - Simplicity

Answer 41

The separation of STM and LTM is too simplistic. Perhaps memory is more complex – there may be more elements to STM and LTM

Question 42

- MSM - Logie

Answer 42

Suggests that LTM is needed first in order to make meaningful chunks; the meaning would be stored in LTM.

Question 43

Baddeley and Hitch - dual task, what were their hypotheses

Answer 43

If different stores are involved in concurrent tasks… there will be no interference; both tasks will be completed successfully • If the same store is being used for two concurrent tasks… there will be interference; tasks are found to be more difficult or not completed successfully

Question 44

- WMM - Central Executive

Answer 44

Little is known about how the central executive works. It is an important part of the model but its exact role is unclear.

Question 45

- WWM - Dual task

Answer 45

Dual task performance tasks lack realism because these are not encountered in everyday life.

Question 46

Evidence for Episodic LTM

Answer 46

Tulving Six volunteers injected with gamma rays and thought about either an episodic or semantic memory which highlighted digger the parts of the brain

Question 47

- of Tulvings Episodic study

Answer 47

Bias - used people he knew including himself and his wife

Question 48

Evidence for Semantic LTM

Answer 48

Kroenig drew imaginary animals called “crutters” and compared how Alzheimer patients and non-sufferers identified a “crutter” either using a direct comparison ( a drawing of a crutter) or using a rule that matched three out of four target features.

Question 49

Evidence for Procedural LTM

Answer 49

Finke PM, 68 year old professional cellist who had severe amnesia. His episodic and semantic memory were affected, he could not remember musical facts but his procedural memory seemed to be unaffected as he could read and play music and could learn complex, new pieces.

Question 50

- Types of LTM There is limited research on procedural memory

Answer 50

particularly on which areas of the brain are used. This is because it is rare to find patients with brain damage that affects procedural memory but not explicit memory.

Question 51

Fourth type of LTM

Answer 51

Priming and the perceptual-representation system. Priming describes how implicit memories influence responses people make to a stimulus

Question 52

- Inference Theory - Based on laboratory experiments

Answer 52

As a result, it may not be possible to generalize from the findings.

Question 53

- Inference Theory - Individual differences

Answer 53

Kane and Engle showed that those with greater working memory were less susceptible to proactive interference

Question 54

+ Inference Theory - Real world applications

Answer 54

advertising strategies try to prevent inference by running multiple exposures to an advert on the same day and avoiding clashes with similar brands

Question 55

Cue Dependant Retrieval Studies

Answer 55

Baddeley - deep sea dives (context) | Goodwin - alcohol (state)

Question 56

- Cue dependency - lab

Answer 56

not like everyday memory tasks – lack ecological validity

Question 57

- Cue dependant - Nairne

Answer 57

suggests that cues do not cause the retrieval but are instead a correlation – cues and recall are associated but not causal.

Question 58

+ Cue Dependant - Crime scene reconstructions

Answer 58

help jog the memory of witnesses by recreating the context through use of retrieval cues

Question 59

Words used in Loftus and Palmers study

Answer 59

Hit, smashed, collided, bumped and contacted

Question 60

Evaluation of Loftus and Palmer

Answer 60

- Lacks mundane realism (videos dont cue emotional reactions) - Only used students (not representative)

Question 61

3 Weaknesses of Cognitive Interview

Answer 61

- It is time consuming to conduct and takes much longer than a standard police interview - Some police forces only use aspects of CI so it is difficult to assess its effectiveness. - Change of perspective is less used – could lead to speculation / inaccuracy

Question 62

2 Support of Cognitive Interview

Answer 62

- It has been modified for use with children/vulnerable. - Individual differences - May overcome perceived ideas about older people’s memories being less reliable and thus are cautious about giving more information. Mello and Fisher (1996) found that the CI was more advantageous for older participants.