Memory and Cognitive Control - Week 7

Question 1

H.M. was unable to form new long-term memories after the removal of his _________ _________ Lobe

Answer 1

Medial Temporal

Question 2

Plastic changes in synaptic __________ were proposed by Donald Hebb as the mechanism behind encoding information

Answer 2

Connections

Question 3

Long-Term Memory consists of ____________ memory, and ____-___________ memory

Answer 3

Declarative and Non-declarative

Question 4

Declarative Memory consists of Semantic Memory and _________ Memory

Answer 4

Episodic

Question 5

Non-Declarative Memory consists of non-conscious memory, expressed through the performing of procedures: ____________ Memory

Answer 5

Procedural

Question 6

Researchers divide learning and memory into three major processing stages: _________, __________, and ___________

Answer 6

Encoding, Storage, and Retrieval

Question 7

Memory __________, occur as part of the encoding process, and are thought to be alterations in the synaptic strength and number of neuronal connections

Answer 7

Traces

Question 8

Acquisition and Consolidation are two steps in the _________ process

Answer 8

Encoding

Question 9

A __________ Buffer is the state when stimuli are available for processing

Answer 9

Sensory

Question 10

Some stimuli in the sensory buffer state are sustained and acquired by _______-_______ Memory

Answer 10

Short-Term

Question 11

When memory consolidation occurs, memory traces are moved to _______-_______ Memory

Answer 11

Long-term

Question 12

_________ is the retention of memory traces, and is the result of acquisition and consolidation

Answer 12

Storage

Question 13

Retrieval is accessing stored _________ ________, which may aid in decision making and change behaviour

Answer 13

Memory Traces

Question 14

The ________ _______ ______ memory system is made up of the hippocampus and the surrounding entorhinal cortex, perirhinal cortex, and parahippocampal cortex within the temporal lobes

Answer 14

Medial Temporal Lobe

Question 15

Memory deficits and loss are known collectively as _________

Answer 15

Amnesia

Question 16

Anterograde amnesia is a loss of memory for events that occur ___________ a lesion or other physiological trauma. It is the inability to learn new things.

Answer 16

After

Question 17

Retrograde amnesia is the loss of memory for events or knowledge that occur ___________ a lesion or other physiological trauma.

Answer 17

Before

Question 18

Retrograde amnesia tends to be the greatest for the most recent events, the effect known as the _________ ______ or Ribot’s Law.

Answer 18

Temporal Gradient

Question 19

Brenda Milner found that only bilateral resection of the _______________ resulted in severe amnesia

Answer 19

Hippocampus

Question 20

The more _______________ along the medial temporal lobe the resection had been, the worse the amnesia was

Answer 20

Posterior

Question 21

How many years before his surgery did H.M. remember the knowledge he had retained in his life?

Answer 21

Two

Question 22

What type of memory loss did H.M. also have following surgery, for personal events as far back as a decade?

Answer 22

Episodic Memory

Question 23

The notion that memory representations are encoded by the overall activity pattern of groups of neurons is known as __________ coding

Answer 23

Population

Question 24

“The function of the ______ __________ ________ can be likened to that of a switch operator in a system of railroad tracks”

Answer 24

Prefrontal Cortex

Question 25

Following his surgery, patient H.M. was unable to remember ______ events

Answer 25

New

Question 26

From what you have learned about memory, for which type of memory would you expect patients with prefrontal cortex damage to display deficits?

Answer 26

Working memory

Question 27

Drawing on work by George Miller, a common assumption is that we can store __ +- 2 elements in working memory?

Answer 27

7

Question 28

Improvements in the mirror drawing task over several practice sessions are indicative of learning which type of memory?

Answer 28

Procedural Memory

Question 29

In a nutshell, H.M.'s main problem seems to be that he can form no new _____________ long-term memories

Answer 29

Declarative

Question 30

The type of memory that stores habits and skills is referred to as

Answer 30

Procedural Memory

Question 31

Which structure is thought to be important for procedural memory?

Answer 31

Basal Ganglia

Question 32

Cognitive control is important for

Answer 32

Flexible, goal-direction action

Question 33

In Baddeley's model of working memory, the mechanism of "articulatory rehearsal" is important for the function of the ____________ ______

Answer 33

Phonological Loop

Question 34

The inferotemporal cortex is thought to be important for storing memories of ___________ __________

Answer 34

Visual Images

Question 35

Inferotemporal cortex - parahippocampal / rhinal cortex - ____________

Answer 35

Hippocampus

Question 36

High-level object processing occurs in the ______________ Cortex

Answer 36

Inferotemporal

Question 37

The Fusiform Face Area / Visual Expertise Area is found in the ____________ _________

Answer 37

Inferotemporal Cortex

Question 38

The _________________Region is important for memory formation, as represented in the delayed nonmatch-to-sample task

Answer 38

Parahippocampal

Question 39

Monkeys in the delayed nonmatch-to-sample task who had lesions in their hippocampal region and perirhinal cortex, required the most (over 1,000) attempts at doing a task in order to form the _________

Answer 39

Memory

Question 40

The basal ganglia, premotor, parietal regions and cerebellum are important in learning new skills/habits (ie ___________ Memory)

Answer 40

Procedural