memory and learning

Question 1

hippocampus

Answer 1

explicit - episodic, semantic
“spatial memory”
formation of emotionally arousing memories
where and when

Question 2

amygdala

Answer 2

retrieving and regulating of emotionally arousing memories
formation of classically conditioned responses
fear or anger predominantly
the amount of “noradrenline” will depend on the emotional significance of the memory
“flashbulb memory” recall of a highly detailed emotionally arousing experience

Question 3

neocortex

Answer 3

long term storage of explicit episodic semantic memories
info received from hippocampus is eventually moved to neocortex where it is stored
(memory is stored where it is received)

Question 4

cerebellum

Answer 4

encoding TEMPORARY storage of implicit memories
PERMANENTLY stores classically conditioned procedural memories
coordinates memories involved with movement and fine motor skills

Question 5

basal ganglia

Answer 5

encodes and stores procedural and classical memories learnt in classical conditioning
building habits and motor movement
stores implicit memories (habituation learning)

Question 6

neutral stimulus

Answer 6

any stimulus in which doesn’t trigger a response

Question 7

UCS

Answer 7

a stimulus which constantly and naturally stimulates a response

Question 8

UCR

Answer 8

response that is automatically triggered when presented with a stimulus

Question 9

CS

Answer 9

stimulus that was initially neutral in which now triggers/ stimulates a response similar to UCS

Question 10

CR

Answer 10

learnt response to CS
occuring after repeated pairing / association between NS + UCS

Question 11

antecedent

Answer 11

stimulus in which come before the behaviour
triggering a beahviour

Question 12

behaviour

Answer 12

VOLUNTARY response to antecedent when stimulus is present.
adjustment to an environment

Question 13

consequence

Answer 13

response happening after behaviour, kind of consequence produced has an impact on whether or not behaviour is likely or unlikely to occur again.

Question 14

positive reinforcement

Answer 14

DESIRABLE stimulus is ADDED in aim for the behaviour to reoccur

Question 15

negative reinforcement

Answer 15

ADVERSE stimulus is removed in aim for the likelihood of a behaviour to increase

Question 16

positive punishment

Answer 16

UNPLEASANT stimulus ADDED to weaken the likelihood of a behaviour continuing

Question 17

negative punishment

Answer 17

PLEASANT stimulis is REMOVED to weaken likelihood of a behaviour continuing

Question 18

sensory memory

Answer 18

entry point in which new info is temporarily stored (brief period of time)
unlimited capacity
iconic: 0.3 echoic: 3-4
stored in sensory registers in which if info is paid attention then moves to short term memory

Question 19

short term memory

Answer 19

allows us to manipulate and actively work on info
7 + - 2 pieces of info at a time
12 secs of no recall we start forgetting
18 secs it is almost completely gone

Question 20

decay

Answer 20

when info is forgotten due to it not being renewed

Question 21

displacement

Answer 21

when info is forgotten due to it being pushed out by new incoming stimuli

Question 22

long term memory

Answer 22

potentially unlimited amount of info can be stored for a potentially unlimited amount of time

Question 23

explicit memory

Answer 23

memory with awareness
conciously retrieved

Question 24

episodic memory

Answer 24

memory relating to a personal event or experience
personal diary

Question 25

semantic memory

Answer 25

memory relating to general knowledge or facts not detailed with tags of time and space

Question 26

implicit memory

Answer 26

memory without awareness unconcious retrieval non declarative

Question 27

procedural memory

Answer 27

memory relating to motor skills previously learnt difficult to put into words therefore demonstrated through behaviour

Question 28

classically condtioned

Answer 28

implict memories learnt through conditioned stimuli eliciting conditioned response fear and anxiety

Question 29

autobiographical memories

Answer 29

personally lived experiences interpretations of situation in which are retrieved every time we speak about them retrieval occurs through hippocampus for episodic experiences

Question 30

possible imagined futures

Answer 30

hypothetical situations in which an individual has the ability to create

Question 31

alzheimers disease

Answer 31

degeneration of neuron's in which memory declines as well as the potential of personality changes

Question 32

neurofibrially tangles

Answer 32

proteins formed within a neuron inhibitng transport of essential substances between neuron

Question 33

amyloid plaques

Answer 33

proteins formed on neurons preventing communication between neurons as neural transmission is inhibited

Question 34

alzheimers symptoms

Answer 34

memory loss tremors

Question 35

alzheimers long lasting affects

Answer 35

death of neurons brian shrinkage

Question 36

aphantasia

Answer 36

renders individuals ability to visualise imagery making it difficult for those with aphantasia to draw rich details from episodic memories (autobiographical, possible imagined futures)

Question 37

acronyms

Answer 37

taking the first letter of a desired word and making it into an easier word to remember SAME

Question 38

acrostic

Answer 38

phrase made up with the letters of a desired word NESW - never eat soggy weetbix

Question 39

method of loci

Answer 39

remembering a word of piece of info by pairing the desired info with imagery journey hippocampus is in the pool

Question 40

sung narratives

Answer 40

singing as as way of breaking up pieces of desired information so it is easier to recall

Question 41

songlines

Answer 41

memory codes tracing a journey through country describing landmarks so that a travellers know they're going in the right direction

Question 42

encoding

Answer 42

information is received and converted for storage explicit; hippocampus encodes episodic and semantic memories as well as amygdala encoding emotionally arousing components of these memories implicit; basal ganglia encodes procedural memories relating to movement and building habits hippocampus encodes classically conditioned learnt memories amygdala encodes implicit memories with emotional significance

Question 43

storage

Answer 43

information is retained in memory until it is needed explicit; neocortex stores episodic and semantic memories implicit; basal ganglia stores classically conditioned memories cerebellum stores procedures memories

Question 44

retrieval

Answer 44

memory is recovered from storage where it is needed

Question 45

within design

Answer 45

when all participants experience the same kind of condtions

Question 46

between design

Answer 46

when participants are assigned to groups and experience different kinds of conditions

Question 47

mixed design

Answer 47

when all participants experience both within experiemental design aswell as between design