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AP Psychology > Memory and Learning > Flashcards

Memory and Learning Flashcards

1
Q

Associative learning

A

Learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli (classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (operant conditioning)

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2
Q

Stimulus

A

Any event or situation that evokes a response

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3
Q

Respondent behavior

A

Behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

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4
Q

Operant behavior

A

Behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences

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5
Q

Cognitive learning

A

Acquisition of mental information, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language

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6
Q

Classical conditioning

A

A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

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7
Q

Neutral stimulus

A

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

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8
Q

Unconditioned stimulus

A

A stimulus that unconditionally - naturally and automatically - triggers an unconditioned response

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9
Q

Unconditioned response

A

An unlearned, naturally occurring response (like salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (like food)

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10
Q

Conditioned response

A

A learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

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11
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

An originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response

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12
Q

Acquisition

A

When one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response. In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response

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13
Q

Higher-order conditioning

A

Procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. Like when you pair similar stimulus to the same response

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14
Q

Extinction

A

The diminishing if a classically conditioned response

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15
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

The reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response

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16
Q

Generalization

A

The tendency to generalize similar stimuli to a stimuli that has a meaning

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17
Q

Discrimination

A

The ability to understand there is a difference between similar stimuli

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18
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Type of learning which behavior is strengthened by reinforcement or discouraged by punishment

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19
Q

Law of effect

A

Thorndike’s principle of behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and those with unfavorable consequences become less likely

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20
Q

Operant chamber

A

Also known as a Skinner box, a controlled box where different outcomes can be manipulated by the tester

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21
Q

Reinforcement

A

Operant conditioning, this helps strengthen the behavior it followed

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22
Q

Shaping

A

Reinforcers guide the behavior by reinforcing only when the subject gets progressively closer and closer to the desired behavior

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23
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Adding something to encourage behavior

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24
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Taking something away to encourage behavior

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25
Primary reinforcers
A reinforcer that satisfies a biological need, like food
26
Secondary reinforcers
Something that can get a primary reinforcer, like money will buy food, also known as conditioned reinforcer
27
Reinforcement schedule
A pattern of reinforcement
28
Continuous reinforcement
Reinforcement every time desires behavior occurs
29
Partial reinforcement schedule
Reinforcement given after a certain amount of correct responses. Takes longer to learn this way but more solidly learned
30
Fixed-ratio schedule
Reinforcement schedule only after a certain number of responses
31
Variable ratio schedule
Reinforcement after an unknown and unpredictable amount of responses
32
Fixed interval schedule
Reinforcement after a certain amount of time
33
Variable interval schedule
After an unknown and unpredictable amount of time there is reinforcement
34
Punishment
Used to decrease the behavior it follows
35
Cognitive map
A mental representation of the layout of ones environment
36
Latent learning
Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
37
Intrinsic motivation
A desire to preform a behavior effectively for its own sake
38
Extrinsic motivation
A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised reward or avoid threatened punishment
39
Observational learning
Learning by watching others
40
Modeling
Process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
41
Mirror neurons
Frontal lobe neurons which are believed to fire when they observe someone doing their action. Like yawning. They may enable imitation and empathy
42
Pro social behavior
Positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior
43
Recall
A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier
44
Recognition
A measure of memory in which a person need only identify items preciously learned
45
Relearning
A measure of memory by assessing the amount of time saves when learning material again
46
encoding
The processing of information into the memory system
47
Storage
The process of retaining encoded information over time
48
Retrieval
The process of getting information out of memory storage
49
Parallel processing
The processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions
50
Sensory memory
The immediate, brief recording of sensory information in memory system
51
Short-term
The activated memory that holds a few items briefly, like 7 numbers, the information is stored briefly before forgotten
52
Long term memory
The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of memory system, includes knowledge, skills, and experiences
53
Working memory
A newer understanding of short term me toy that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long term memory
54
Explicit memory
Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare Also known as declarative memory
55
Effort full processing
Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort
56
Automatic processing
Unconscious encoding of incidental information, like space and time and frequency and well learned information such as word meanings
57
Implicit memory
Retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations I depended of conscious recollection Also known as nondeclarative memory
58
Iconic memory
Sensory memory of visual stimuli, photograph of memory only lasting a few tenths of a second
59
Echoic memory
Sensory memory of auditory stimuli | If attention is elsewhere a sound or word can bee recalled writhing 3 or 4 seconds
60
Chunking
Organizing items into familiar manageable units
61
Mnemonics
Memory aids
62
Spacing effect
The tendency for distributed study or practice to have a better long term retention than massed study or practice
63
Testing effect
You remember stuff better after being tested on it
64
Shallow processing
Encoding on a basic level
65
Deep processing
Processing stuff deeply and understanding the meaning of it
66
Hippocampus
A neural center in the lambic system; helps process explicit memories for storage
67
Memory consolidation
The neural storage of a long term memory
68
Memory consolidation
The neural storage of a long term memory
69
Flashbulb memory
A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
70
Long term potentiation
An increase in a cells firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be neural basis for learning and memory
71
Priming
The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory
72
Encoding specificity principle
The idea that cues and contexts specific to a parity lad memory will be most effective in helping us recall it
73
Mood congruent memory
The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with ones current good or bad mood
74
Serial position effect
Our tendency to recall best the last (a decency effect) and first (primacy effect) items in a list
75
Anterograde amnesia
Inability to form new memories
76
Retrograde amnesia
Inability to remember ones past
77
Proactive interference
The forward acting disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information
78
Retroactive interference
The backward acting disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information
79
Repression
Basic defense mechanism that banished from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts and feelings and memories
80
Reconsolidating
A process in which previously stores memories when they are retrieved are potentially altered before being stored again
81
Misinformation effect
When misleading information has corrupted ones memory of an event
82
Source amnesia
Attributing to the wrong event we have experienced, heard about, read about or imagined. Heart of many false memories
83
Déjà vu
Cues from current situation may unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience
84
Learning
The process of acquiring through experience new information or behavior

AP Psychology (6 decks)

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