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PSYC 301 > Memory and movement disorders > Flashcards

Memory and movement disorders Flashcards

1
Q

3 stages of memory

A

sensory, working, and long-term

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2
Q

Sensory memory

A

retention of environmental stimuli one attends to for 25-2000 ms with a large capacity

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3
Q

Working memory

A

retention of information one selectively attends to for 15-30 s with a limited capacity of 7(+ or - 2) units if repeatedly rehearsed

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4
Q

Long-term memory

A

information that is encoded and stored for an infinite period of time and unlimited capacity but may decay over time leading to retrieval failures

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5
Q

2 main memory systems

A

short-term/working and long-term memory

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6
Q

2 main branches of LTM

A

explicit (declarative) and implicit (non-declarative)

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7
Q

Explicit vs implicit meory

A

consciously recalling information; demonstrating evidence of information through behavior without describing it

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8
Q

Types of explicit memory

A

episodic (retrospective, prospective) and semantic

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9
Q

Retrospective episodic memory

A

retention of specific personal experiences in the past minutes, days, or years from a first-person perspective, which includes time and place, and involves autonoetic consciousness (mental time travel)

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10
Q

Prospective episodic memory

A

remembering to do something at a particular moment in the future or the timely execution of a previously formed intention

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11
Q

3 behaviors operationally involved in prospective memory

A

formation of intention, delay (intention leaves focus of attention), task execution

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12
Q

Characteristics of semantic memory

A

non-contextual knowledge (i.e. facts); no autonoetic consciousness; semanticization; less dependent on medial temporal structures for retrieval; material-specific deficits possible

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13
Q

Semanticization

A

episodic memories become decontextualized over time

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14
Q

Types of implicit memory

A

procedural, conditioning, priming

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15
Q

Procedural memory

A

acquisition of skills/habits from repeated practice that become resistant to decay

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16
Q

Conditioning

A

reactions resulting from reinforcements or formed associations between stimuli that co-occurs over time

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17
Q

Priming

A

facilitation of task performance induced by recent exposure to a previous stimulus

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18
Q

Roles of hippocampus vs cortex in memory

A

more involved in initial acquisition of information; more involved in consolidation

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19
Q

Contributions of the frontal systems of the brain

A

working memory, organization at encoding, source memory, strategic search at retrieval from LTM

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20
Q

Brain regions involved in semantic vs episodic memory that affect encoding and consolidation

A

cerebral cortex and limbic structures; prefrontal cortex and limbic system

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21
Q

Brain regions involved in semantic vs episodic memory that affect retrieval

A

left frontotemporal cortex; right frontotemporal cortex and limbic regions

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22
Q

Diseases associated with damage in the medial temporal cortex

A

alzheimer’s, mesial temporal lobe epilepsy, anoxia, limbic encephalitis, korsakoff’s disease

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23
Q

Memory problems caused by damage in the medial temporal cortex

A

encoding and consolidation of episodic memory

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24
Q

Diseases associated with damage in the frontal-subcortical system

A

TBI, multiple sclerosis, HIV/AIDS, vascular MCI, parkinson’s, huntington’s

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25
Memory problems caused by damage in the frontal-subcortical system
retrieval and working memory
26
Retrograde amnesia
inability to consciously reactivate information that was consolidated a long time ago; follows a temporal gradient
27
Temporal gradient in retrograde amnesia
recently formed memories are unaffected while older memories (before the onset of amnesia) are more sensitive to disruption
28
Diseases that co-occur with retrograde amnesia
TBI, korsakoff's, advanced dementia, ECT, and usually anterograde amnesia (except for psychogenic amnesia)
29
Confabulation
presenting distorted/false information due to unintentional episodic misremembering
30
Brain regions damaged in confabulation
medial temporal and frontal cortex
31
Diseases involving confabulation
ACommA, korsakoff's
32
2 pyramidal tracts
corticospinal tract and corticobulbar tract
33
Pathway of corticospinal tract
primary motor cortex > corona radiata > medulla > synapses at spinal cord into lateral and anterior corticospinal tract > lower motor neuron for movement of limbs and trunk
34
Representation of lower vs upper extremities in the motor cortex
lower extremities (e.g. foot, toes, genitals) are more medial while upper extremities (e.g. head, neck, arm, shoulder) are more lateral
35
Pathway of corticobulbar tract
primary motor cortex > corona radiata > medulla > synapses on lower motor neurons of cranial nerves for movement of muscles in face, head, and neck
36
Type of deficits caused by pyramidal tract lesions
contralateral motor deficits
37
3 types of corticospinal tract lesions
weakness, increased tone (spasticity or stiff muscles), increased reflexes in affected region
38
Upper motor neuron lesion
weakness, increased reflexes and tone but no atrophy and fasciculations (muscle twitching)
39
Lower motor neuron lesion
weakness, atrophy, fasciculations, decreased reflexes and tone
40
4 signs of a stroke
FACE (face dropping, ability to raise arms, slurred speech, time to call 911 asap)
41
-paresis vs -plegia
weakness (partial paralysis); complete paralysis
42
Palsy
weakness or complete paralysis due to lower motor neuron lesion
43
Results of basal ganglia damage
contralateral movement disorder, weakness and involuntary movements, cognitive and behavioral changes
44
2 main categories of basal ganglia disorders
hypokinetic (less than normal movement) and hyperkinetic
45
Deficit caused by lesions to lateral cerebellum
limb incoordination
46
Deficit caused by lesions to medial cerebellum
trunk and posture problems
47
Deficits caused by general lesions to the cerebellum
ipsilateral deficits (due to double crossing) like ataxic gait, intention tremor, nystagmus, scanning speech
48
Nystagmus
eyes make uncontrolled repetitive movements
49
Scanning speech
abnormal pattern of speech wherein there's a pause after every syllable
50
2 disorders involving increased muscle tone
spasticity and rigidity
51
Spasticity
velocity-dependent resistance to passive muscle stretch
52
Rigidity
resistance to passive movement that doesn't vary with velocity or force
53
5 hyperkinetic movement disorders
tremor, tics, myoclonus, chorea, athetosis
54
Tremor
rhythmic oscillations caused by intermittent muscle contractions
55
Tics
paroxysmal or sudden stereotyped muscle contractions (temporarily suppressible)
56
Myoclonus
shock-like arrhythmic twitches
57
Chorea
dance-like unpatterned movements; seen in parkinson's and affects the putamen
58
Athetosis
continuous writhing movements to maintain posture; seen in parkinson's and affects the putamen
59
Tremor
rhythmic muscle contractions
60
3 types of tremors
essential, resting, action
61
Essential vs resting vs action tremors
constant, bilateral, symmetric; happens when skeletal muscle is at rest (e.g. parkinson's); happens during voluntary movement
62
3 types of gait disorders
spastic/hemiplegic, ataxic, parkinsonian
63
Spastic/hemiplegic gait
stiff-legged and decreased arm swings on same side; seen in MCA stroke and cerebral palsy
64
Ataxic gait
wide-based, staggering, unsteady; seen in cerebellar stroke/tumor, alcohol intoxication
65
Parkinsonian gait
shuffling, narrow-based; seen in parkinson's, progressive supranuclear palsy, neuroleptic drugs
66
Apraxia
inability to perform previously learned, sequential motor movements (e.g. using familiar objects correctly or carrying out familiar multi-step actions); not explained by weakness or motor incoordination
67
Treatments for upper limb weakness
constraint-induced movement therapy and mirror therapy
68
Treatments for fine motor incoordination
functional dexterity tasks
69
Treatments for spasticity
splints and botulinum toxin type A (botox)
70
Treatment for hyperkinetic movement disorders
deep brain stimulation
71

PSYC 301 (14 decks)

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