memory and vaccination Flashcards
key features of memory B cells
-activation threshold
lower activation threshold / faster formation of plasma cells
why secondary response to antigen is better
generation of memory cells and antibodies
features of memory T cells
-activation threshold
lower activation threshold
what is subunit (conjugate vaccine)
-effectivnesss
-examples
uses specific peices of the germ like it’s protein
very effective
-kill pathogen and isolate it’s protective antigens (toxoids) plus adjuvant
e.g. Haemophilus Influenzae and Meningicoccal infections
carbs can’t induce high affinity class swiching antiboides
why T cells don’t respond to carbs?
T cells only recognise peptides in the context of MHC
how do you make an effective vaccine for Haemophilus Influenzae and Meningicoccal infections
subunit (conjugate vaccine)
1) example of carrier protein and hapten
2) what is hapten only recognised by
3) where does hapten specificty occurs in terms of affinity and isotype switching
1) carrier protein = dipheria toxoid forms peptides recognised by T cells. hapten= carbohydrate. no peptide and only recognised by B cells
2) B cells
3) germinal centre
T cell activation is 3 signals
1) antigen recognition
2) co-stimulation
3) cytokine signalling
1)TCR binds to MHC
2) co stimulation of CD80/CD86 of DCs binding to CD28 on t cells
3) cytokines released depending on TH1 or TH2 or TH17
what are live attenuated vaccines
Contain DNA encoding the pathogen’s antigen within a harmless virus or bacteria
what signals in T cell activation do adjuvants enhance
2 and 3
2= co stimulaory molecules
3= cytokine production
what T helper cell does adjuvants enhance
-what is most common component used in adjuants
-what immune response do they enhance
TH2
-aluminium salts
-inate immunity
what is nucleic acid vaccine
-advantages
inject DNA and RNA to induce protein expression in host
-they have a built in adjuvant
-easier to manufacteur than protein vaccine
4 vaccines used by SARS-Cov
1) viral vector
2) nucleaic acid
3) inactivated virus
4) protein subunit (adjuvant)
what is the most effective vaccine and why
live attenuated vaccine
-do not require adjuvants
-most common antibody found in blood
-which antibody is found in mucousal and respiritory tracts
-IgG
-IgA
what receptor does SARS-Cov2 attach to on surface of human cells using it’s spike protein
ACE2 receptor on human cell surface
most common vaccine used in SARS-Cov 2
nucleic acid and viral vector
