memory - ao1 complete Flashcards
paper 1
Miller
Used a serial recall task to determine STM capacity and found that most people could remember between 5-9 items (magic number 7)
Peterson & Peterson
Found that 90% of participants could remember a 3-consonant trigram after 3 seconds, but only 2% could recall it after 18 seconds
Bahrick
Investigated the duration of LTM by asking people to recall people from their high school. Even after 48 years, they scored 70% on photo recall
Baddeley
Found that STM and LTM are coded differently - STM are coded acoustically and LTM coded semantically
Glanzer & Cunitz
Discovered the Serial Position Effect, where people are more likely to remember words at the beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency effect) of a list
Patient KF
Had a motorcycle accident and afterwards had a normal visual STM capacity, but an abnormally low verbal STM capacity
Patient HM
Had his hippocampus removed and afterwards was unable to form new declarative memories (episodic and semantic), but able to form new procedural memories
Gathercole & Baddeley
Dual task technique. Found that we can do visual and verbal tasks simultaneously but not 2 visual tasks.
Underwood
Participants who memorised one list could recall 70% of it the next day, but if they memorised 10+ lists they only recalled 20%
Muller
Recall of nonsense syllables was worse for participants given a distraction task during the retention interval
Godden & Baddeley
Participants learnt word lists on ground or underwater (scuba). Recall was best if the conditions were the same as during learning - whether back on ground or underwater
Goodwin et al
Participants who were drunk when learning word lists were better at recalling them if they were drunk again. If sober at learning, recall was best when sober again
Loftus & Palmer
Altered the verb they used during questioning witnesses to a car crash. If using the word ‘smashed’, their speed estimates averaged 41mph, compared to 32mph for ‘contacted’
Yuille & Cutshall
Used leading questions on witnesses to a real life armed robbery. They found that in real life cases, leading questions did not affect memory.
Gabbert
Showed different participants two videos of the same event and then allowed them to discuss what they had seen. 71% of them later recalled things that they couldn’t have seen
Loftus (or Johnson & Scott)
Studied the Weapon Focus Effect. 33% of participants correctly identified a man if he was carrying a knife, but 47% recalled if he carried a pen
Christianson & Hubinette
Studied real life bank robberies and, contrary to the Weapon Focus Effect, found that the best recall was from witnesses who experienced the threat close up
Kohnken
Compared cognitive and standard interview. Cognitive was better (though it also led to more incorrect information being reported).
Capacity
The amount of data a store can hold
Serial recall
A method of testing memory by asking participants to ask them to repeat information in order (usually a list of numbers)
Duration
The length of time a store can hold data
Coding
The way in which information is changed in order to be stored in memory
Sensory memory
The first store in the MSM. Picks up information from the senses for a very limited time
Short term memory
A temporary memory store which holds information that has had attention paid to it for roughly 18-30 seconds
