Memory development w/1

Question 1

What are the different memory systems?

Answer 1

→ The different memory systems are faces, numbers, facts, knowledge, and skills.

Question 2

What is the information processing approach?

Answer 2

→ The information processing approach is a cognitive development approach that explains how humans encode, store, and retrieve information.

Question 3

Why does memory and learning depend on one another?

Answer 3

→ Memory and Learning depend on each other because the information stored in one’s memory creates the basis for linking new knowledge by association.

Question 4

What is the Piagetian approach to children’s cognitive development?

Answer 4

→ The Piagetian approach to children’s cognitive development proposes that humans progress through four developmental stages.

Question 5

What are the four stages of Piaget’s approach?

Answer 5

1. The sensorimotor stage
2. Preoperational stage
3. Concrete operational stage
4. Formal operational stage

Question 6

what are the 4 stages of the IP models?

Answer 6

1. Structure (organization of elements)
2. Processes (activities)
3. Information processing (Elements Processes Models)
4. Memory and learning (Encoding Storage Retrieval)

Question 7

What is the multi-store model?

Answer 7

→ The multi-store model assumes there are three separate memory stores, information is transferred between these stores in a linear sequence. The three main stores are the sensory memory, short-term memory, and Long-term memory. (Atkinson & Schiffrin, 1968)

Question 8

What is Sensory memory?

Answer 8

→ Sensory memory, is constantly receiving information from the 5 senses, it has a large capacity but a very brief duration, it can encode information from any of the senses but most of the information is lost.

Question 9

What is Short-term memory (STM)?

Answer 9

→ Short Term Memory (STM), has a limited capacity and mainly encodes information acoustically; Maintenance rehearsal is the process of verbally or mentally repeating information which allows STM to be extended, if not rehearsed the information is forgotten, and lost.

Question 10

What is Long-term memory (LTM)?

Answer 10

→ Long Term Memory (LTM), has unlimited capacity and duration and encodes information semantically. Information can be recalled from LTM back into the STM when it is needed. If the information is given meaning it passes on to the LTM otherwise known as Elaborative rehearsal.

Question 11

What limits the multi-store model? and what can explain it better?

Answer 11

→ It is oversimplified, when suggesting that both STM & LTM operate in a single, uniform fashion (this is not the case).

→ The Working Model of Memory (Baddeley and Hitch, 1974) shows that short-term memory is more than just one simple unitary store and compromises different components.

Question 12

What are the sensory input modalities?

Answer 12

→ The Sensory input modalities, of the central nervous system include the five major sensory modalities: Visual, Auditory, Tactile (touch), Smell, and Taste.

Question 13

What are the sensory memory registers?

Answer 13

→ The Sensory memory registers, include five types: Iconic (seeing), Echoic (hearing), Haptic (tactile), Smell, and Taste.

Question 14

Explain the process of sensory memory.

Answer 14

→ Sensory memories last just long enough for identification of sensory input to begin. But sensory memories fade quickly if not processed further. Because our sensory memory stores would have to be able to store all the sensory information received at once when we are monitoring the world around us moment-by-moment.

→ Further processing = short-term memory/Working memory

Question 15

What is iconic memory?

Answer 15

→ Iconic memory, is an immediate, brief memory of a visual image that lasts no more than half a second.

Question 16

Explain Sterling’s iconic store experiment.

Answer 16

→ He presented participants with a grid of 12 letters for 50ms and asked them to recall as many letters as they could. (Procedure)

→ 40% of Participants could only recall about 4-5 letters; 55% of participants could recall almost or all letters when asked to recall a specific row. (Findings)

→ He concluded that participants briefly had access to all 12 letters, but the information decayed rapidly. Iconic memory holds a large amount of information, but it fades unless attended to. (Conclusion)

Question 17

Explain Glass’s development of auditory sensory memory experiment.

Answer 17

→ The study examined children’s automatic detection of auditory changes and compared it to adults. An MMN is used to detect a deviation in the brain from an expected sound pattern. The faster the MMN response, the more developed auditory sensory memory. (Procedure)

→ Adolescents demonstrated stronger MMN responses, a decreased latency (response time) suggests that the brain becomes faster and more efficient at processing auditory stimuli over time. (Findings)

→ The study demonstrates that auditory memory develops progressively over childhood and stabilizes in adolescence. (Conclusion)

Question 18

Explain Appelbaum’s enhancing sensory memory experiment.

Answer 18

→ The study explores whether perceptual training could enhance sensory memory and how it can affect real-world performances (sports/music). (Procedure)

→ The study found that repeated exposure to specific visual or auditory stimuli strengthens the sensory memory trace, leading to better recognition and quicker responses. It can also improve the neural connection between sensory memory and the prefrontal cortex to enhance attentional control and decision-making. (Findings)

→ The study shows that sensory memory is not static but can be enhanced through practice, experience, and focused attention. (Conclusion)