memory-features of memory stores

Question 1

What is coding in memory?

Answer 1

the format in which information is stored

Question 2

True or False: Coding in memory is the same as retrieval.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

What are the two main types of coding in memory?

Answer 3

Semantic coding and acoustic coding.

Question 4

Multiple Choice: Which type of coding focuses on the meaning of information? A) Acoustic B) Semantic C) Visual

Answer 4

B) Semantic

Question 5

What is acoustic coding?

Answer 5

Acoustic coding involves encoding information based on how it sounds.

Question 6

True or False: Visual coding is a type of semantic coding.

Answer 6

False

Question 7

What role does attention play in coding in memory?

Answer 7

Attention is crucial as it determines what information gets encoded into memory.

Question 8

Multiple Choice: Which of the following enhances memory encoding? A) Distraction B) Repetition C) Fatigue

Answer 8

B) Repetition

Question 9

What is the effect of chunking on memory coding?

Answer 9

Chunking helps to organize information into manageable units, making it easier to encode. it can increase the capacity of STM (magic number 7)

Question 10

True or False: Information is more easily encoded when it is associated with existing knowledge.

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Fill in the blank: The process of converting sensory input into a form that can be processed is known as __________.

Answer 11

encoding

Question 12

Multiple Choice: Which type of memory coding is primarily used for visual information? A) Acoustic B) Semantic C) Visual

Answer 12

C) Visual

Question 13

What is the difference between short-term and long-term memory coding?

Answer 13

Short-term memory coding is often temporary and limited, while long-term memory coding involves more permanent storage.

Question 14

True or False: Coding in memory can occur without conscious effort.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

What is the importance of retrieval cues in memory coding?

Answer 15

Retrieval cues aid in accessing encoded information, facilitating recall.

Question 16

Fill in the blank: __________ coding is often used in learning languages, as it involves the sounds of words.

Answer 16

Acoustic

Question 17

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of memory coding? A) Semantic B) Acoustic C) Temporal

Answer 17

C) Temporal

Question 18

True or False: The more meaningful the information, the less likely it is to be encoded.

Answer 18

False

Question 19

True or False: Short term memory can hold unlimited information.

Answer 19

False: Short term memory has a limited capacity.

Question 20

What is the Miller’s Law regarding short term memory capacity?

Answer 20

Miller’s Law states that the average number of items an individual can hold in working memory is about seven, plus or minus two.

Question 21

Fill in the blank: The primary coding method used in short term memory is _______.

Answer 21

acoustic coding.

Question 22

Which test is commonly used to measure the capacity of short term memory?

Answer 22

The digit span test.

Question 23

What does the digit span test involve?

Answer 23

It involves repeating a sequence of numbers in the same order or reverse order.

Question 24

True or False: Visual coding is the primary method of coding in short term memory.

Answer 24

False: Acoustic coding is the primary method.

Question 25

What is the capacity of short term memory as suggested by research by miller (1956) and jacobs(1887) ?

Answer 25

The capacity is typically around 7 items.

Question 26

List one method for testing the duration of short term memory.

Answer 26

One method is the Peterson-Peterson task.

Question 27

What does the Peterson-Peterson task measure?

Answer 27

It measures how quickly information is forgotten when rehearsal is prevented.

Question 28

What is proactive interference in short term memory?

Answer 28

Proactive interference occurs when old information interferes with the recall of new information.

Question 29

What is retroactive interference in the context of short term memory?

Answer 29

Retroactive interference occurs when new information interferes with the recall of old information.

Question 30

What is chunking in relation to short term memory?

Answer 30

Chunking is a technique that involves grouping items into larger, manageable units to enhance memory capacity.

Question 31

What role does rehearsal play in short term memory?

Answer 31

Rehearsal helps to maintain information in short term memory and can aid in transferring it to long term memory.

Question 32

What is one factor that can influence the duration of short term memory?

Answer 32

The presence of distractions.

Question 33

True or False: Short term memory capacity can be improved with practice.

Answer 33

True: Practice and strategies like chunking can enhance capacity.

Question 34

How does age affect short term memory performance?

Answer 34

Age can negatively impact the performance of short term memory, often leading to decreased capacity and duration.

Question 35

What is the primary coding method used in long-term memory?

Answer 35

Semantic coding

Question 36

True or False: Long-term memory has a limited capacity.

Answer 36

False

Question 37

What is the typical duration of long-term memory?

Answer 37

Potentially unlimited

Question 38

Fill in the blank: Long-term memory can store information for ________.

Answer 38

years or even a lifetime

Question 39

What is the process of transferring information from short-term to long-term memory called?

Answer 39

Consolidation

Question 40

True or False: Long-term memory is primarily encoded acoustically.

Answer 40

False

Question 41

What type of memory involves the recollection of personal experiences?

Answer 41

Episodic memory

Question 42

Fill in the blank: The capacity of long-term memory is often described as ________.

Answer 42

theoretically unlimited

Question 43

What cognitive process is often used to assess the duration of long-term memory?

Answer 43

Recall tasks

Question 44

Multiple Choice: Which test is commonly used to assess long-term memory? A) Word Recall B) Reaction Time C) Visual Tracking

Answer 44

A) Word Recall

Question 45

True or False: Long-term memory can be improved through rehearsal.

Answer 45

True

Question 46

What is the role of cues in long-term memory retrieval?

Answer 46

Cues help trigger the recall of stored information.

Question 47

What is the phenomenon where previously learned information interferes with the retrieval of new information called?

Answer 47

Proactive interference

Question 48

Fill in the blank: ________ memory is responsible for skills and habits.

Answer 48

Procedural

Question 49

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of long-term memory? A) High capacity B) Short duration C) Semantic coding

Answer 49

B) Short duration

Question 50

What type of long-term memory is responsible for general knowledge?

Answer 50

Semantic memory

Question 51

True or False: Long-term memory can be tested through recognition tasks.

Answer 51

True

Question 52

What is the process of strengthening memory traces over time called?

Answer 52

Memory consolidation

Question 53

Fill in the blank: The ability to remember information after a long period of time is known as ________ memory.

Answer 53

long-term

Question 54

What is the primary challenge in studying long-term memory?

Answer 54

Measuring the accuracy and retrieval of stored information.

Question 55

What is a common method for improving long-term memory retention?

Answer 55

Using mnemonic devices

Question 56

why is the validity of experiments into the capacity of memory questioned?

Answer 56

the tasks and environment are highly artificial and not reflective of every day life meaning it lacks mundane realism (stimuli) and ecological validity

Question 57

why might humans be bad at remembering sensory information for long periods of time?

Answer 57

evolution- we do not need to retain non useful information, we only need to focus on perceptual information with an immediate survival rate.

Question 58

why might the notion that stm is coded acoustically (baddley found this) be challenged?

Answer 58

other sensory codes must be used too as some info would be difficult to code acoustically due to the nature of the info e.g appearance (what does a face sound like)

Question 59

why might individual differences impact stm?

Answer 59

daneman and carpenter found capacity varied between 520 items for those with advanced compared to poor reading comprehension suggesting stm is impacted by individual differences and we cant generalise findings.

Question 60

why might it be better to study the capacity and duration of stm together?

Answer 60

Reitman suggested the short duration of stm is due to displacement- as new info comes in other info is pushed out due to its limited capacity suggesting duration and capacity are closely linked.

Question 61

why might LTM being coded semantically be challenged?

Answer 61

things such as songs must be coded acoustically and research shows different areas of the brain are involved with different types of LTM. There are 3 types of LTM surely they should be encoded differently

Question 62

why did bahricks study have high external validity?

Answer 62

it used real life meaningful memories-photos from a yearbook meaning the findings into the duration of LTM more accurately represent memory in the real world but confounding variables were not controlled (some people may have recently looked at their yearbook)

Question 63

why is it bad that research into memory often uses artificial stimuli?

Answer 63

it means they lack mundane realism. For example, Baddeley used word lists which is not reflective of real life situations for example people may recall shopping lists better than random word lists as it is a familiar task and has meaning. thid limits external validity as it is not representative of everyday behaviour.