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Memory Models Flashcards

(46 cards)

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1
Q

What is the Multi-Store Memory model?

A

A linear sequence that takes environmental and sensory input and puts it through a sequence of stores.

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2
Q

What is the first store in the MSM?

A

Sensory memory

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3
Q

What is the second store in the MSM?

A

Short-term memory

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4
Q

What is the third store in the MSM?

A

Long-term memory

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5
Q

How is short-term memory coded in MSM?

A

Acoustically

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6
Q

How long does information stay in the short-term memory in MSM?

A

18-30 seconds

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7
Q

How is long-term memory coded in MSM?

A

Semantically

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8
Q

How long does information stay in the long-term memory?

A

Unlimited

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9
Q

What is needed for information to stay in the short-term memory?

A

Rehearsal

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10
Q

How is sensory memory coded in MSM?

A

Acoustically, visually, or haptically depending on the sense used

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11
Q

What is the capacity of short-term memory in MSM?

A

5-9 items

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12
Q

What is the capacity of long-term memory in MSM?

A

Unlimited

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13
Q

What are the 3 types of long-term memory?

A

Episodic, semantic and procedural

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14
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

It stores information about events that you’ve actually experienced. It can contain information about the time and place, emotions you felt, and the details of what happened.

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15
Q

What does declarative mean?

A

The memory can be consciously recalled

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16
Q

Is episodic memory declarative?

A

Yes

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17
Q

What is semantic memory?

A

Stores facts and knowledge that we have learnt. It doesn’t contain details of the time and place where you learnt the information, only the knowledge itself.

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18
Q

Is semantic memory declarative?

A

Yes

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19
Q

What is procedural memory?

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A

Stores the knowledge of how to do things, such as walking, swimming, or riding a bike.

20
Q

Is procedural memory declarative?

21
Q

Who proposed the MSM?

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A

Atkinson & Shiffrin

22
Q

Who proposed the Working Model?

23
Q

What is the central executive?

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A

To focus attention on the most important tasks that need attending to in the current moment.

24
Q

What are the 3 components of the WMM?

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A

Phonological loop, episodic buffer, and visuo-spatial sketchpad

25
What is the phonological loop?
It coordinates auditory information and preserves the order in which acoustic information is processed
26
What is the purpose of the WMM?
To sub-divide STM into distinct components instead of a unitary store as proposed by MSM.
27
What is the coding for the phonological loop?
Acoustic
28
What two divisions make up the phonological loop and what do they do?
Phonological store = stores spoken words Articulatory control system = stores written words
29
What is the visuo-spatial sketchpad?
Stores visual and/or spatial information.
30
How is the visuo-spatial sketchpad coded?
Visually
31
What two divisions make up the visuo-spatial sketchpad and what do they do?
Visual cache = stores visual data, e.g. colour, shape Inner scribe = stores the arrangement of objects within the visual field of view
32
What is the episodic buffer?
Receives information from the CE, PL, and VSS - along with information from the LTM - and integrates it into 'episodes'.
33
What was the episodic buffer added to the model?
2000
34
What are some strengths of MSM?
Supporting evidence = Baddeley + HM, high degree of control + supports idea of separate regions in brain
35
What are some limitations of MSM?
Simplified = Research suggests that STM and LTM are made up of more than one store, which WMM explores in more detail Ecological validity = Most research done on artificial tasks, limited application and lacks ecological validity
36
What is a strength of WMM?
Supporting research = study of KF shows how KF struggled to process verbal/auditory information but his ability to recall visual information was unaffected, suggesting that there are separate regions in the brain for different tasks
37
What are some limitations of WMM?
Ecological validity = Baddeley's dual-task performance study (that may provide evidence for CE) uses a highly controlled lab to perform artificial tasks CE = Lack of detail on the role of the CE due to the fact it is hard to operationalise and measure
38
What did Tulving want to study?
Possible differences in the processing of episodic and semantic memory tasks
39
How did Tulving monitor processing of memory?
Injecting small amount of radioactive gold into blood, scanned to detect its location with a gamma ray detector
40
How many people took part in Tulving's study and who were some of them?
6 participants: Tulving, his wife, and a colleague making up 3
41
How many trials were in Tulving's study and how were they divided up?
8 trials, each one 80 seconds - 4 semantic and 4 episodic topics in a randomised order - each trial was separated by 2 minutes of rest
42
What were Tulving's participants asked to do?
Lie face up on a couch with their eyes closed and indulge in either episodic or semantic LTM retrieval
43
What findings did Tulving determine?
There was greater activation in the frontal lobes of the cortex during episodic memory and great activation in the posterior region of the cortex when retrieving semantic information
44
What conclusion did Tulving make about LTM?
That episodic and semantic LTMs involve different brain areas, suggesting a biological basis to LTM
45
What is a strength of Tulving's study?
Scientific = Study used neuro-imaging, an effective means of objectively studying and measuring cognitive processes within live participants
46
What are some limitations of Tulving's study?
Small sample size = Only 3 out of 6 participants showed conclusive data, meaning the findings cannot be generalisable to a whole population Investigator Effects = Tulving took paet in the study himself along with his wife and a colleague, meaning it is hard to conduct the study and analyse the findings in an unbiased, objective manner

Memory (4 decks)

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