Memory Models Flashcards
Three stages of remembering information identified by MSMM
STSS
STM
LTM
STSS
Holds large amount of info but for only 1 second
Receives information from senses, filters it via selective attention
Selective attention
Relevant information is focused on and attended to and is passed to STM
irrelevant information is discarded
STM
Stores 5-9 items
For 18-30 seconds
If information is rehearsed via the rehearsal loop it passes into LTM
Information can be held in STM via chunking
Chunking
Grouping different pieces of information together so it is remembered as one piece of information
LTM
Contains well learned information and motor programmes that have been rehearsed
Unlimited capacity
Unlimited duration
Information is “encoded” into LTM from STM if it has been rehearsed
Information is “retrieved” from LTM when STM needs it
Retrieval
Movement of information from LTM to STM
Encoding
Movement of information from STM to LTM
+ of MSMM
Simplifies memory process
Explains what may be wrong with those who have brain damage
- of MSMM
Too simple
Application to learning and performing skills MSMM
STSS receives information from the senses, filters out irrelevant such as the crowd, focusses on relevant such as where the able is, sends information to STM
STM is involved in judgements and perceiving aspects such as the flight path of the ball
LTM is responsible for choosing the relevant MP to send back to STM so it can send the information to the muscles about what movement to perform
Craik and Lockhart’s level of processing model
It seeks to explain what we do with information rather than how it is stored
Information received by the brain will be transferred to LTM (and remembered) if it is:
Considered
Understood
Has meaning (is related to past enemies)
How much information is considered is called
The depth of processing
The deeper the information is processed…
The longer the memory trace will last
Memory trace
When brain cells retain or store information
The three levels related to processing verbal information
Structural level: paying attention to what the words look like (shallowest processing level)
Phonetic level: processing the words and sounds
Semantic level: considered the actual meaning of the words (deepest level of processing)
+ of level of processing model
Explains if we understand information we are likely to remember it
Explains the longer we consider and analyse information the more we remember it
- of level of processing model
Difficult to know what deep processing involves
Does not take into account individual differences
Taking more time to process information doesn’t necessarily lead to better recall
Application to learning and performance
Levels of processing
When learning skills, make the information meaningful then the performer is more likely to learn the information and remember how to do the information
Association - join new information to past information
Mental imagery - going over the skill mentally
Avoiding overload - focus on relevant info
