Memory-msm & Types Of Ltm

Question 1

What is long-term memory (LTM)?

Answer 1

A permanent memory store of past events or items

Examples include your first day at primary school, a birthday party, or the name of your favourite teacher.

Question 2

What is required to recall information from long-term memory?

Answer 2

Information must be accessed and transferred to short-term memory (STM), known as retrieval

Retrieval is the process of accessing stored information.

Question 3

How is information in long-term memory coded?

Answer 3

Semantically (based on meaning)

Question 4

What is the capacity of long-term memory?

Answer 4

Potentially unlimited

Question 5

What is the duration of long-term memory thought to be?

Answer 5

For the lifetime of each individual

Question 6

What may happen to items in long-term memory?

Answer 6

They may be prone to forgetting

Question 7

What does some research suggest about memory storage in LTM?

Answer 7

Some memories were never actually stored in LTM and may have been displaced from STM

Question 8

What does it mean if some long-term memories are unavailable?

Answer 8

They are resistant to retrieval

Question 9

What do some memories in LTM experience?

Answer 9

Decay

Question 10

What does research using brain scanning techniques indicate about STM and LTM?

Answer 10

They may be stored in different brain regions

Question 11

What supports the theory of having separate memory stores?

Answer 11

Controlled lab studies on coding, capacity, and duration

Question 12

What did Baddeley’s (1966) study reveal about STM and LTM?

Answer 12

Similar-sounding words get mixed up in STM, while similar-meaning words get mixed up in LTM

Question 13

What is a limitation of the multi-store model (MSM)?

Answer 13

It may be too simple

Question 14

What does research suggest about STM and LTM?

Answer 14

They are made up of more than one store

Question 15

What does the working memory model include?

Answer 15

Five components of STM

Question 16

What type of tasks are often used in MSM research?

Answer 16

Artificial tasks, such as recalling a string of digits/letters

Question 17

What issue arises from the use of artificial stimuli in research?

Answer 17

It limits application to real-world memory use

Question 18

What does the use of artificial tasks in research imply?

Answer 18

The study lacks ecological validity

Question 19

What does the multi-store model of memory (MSM) describe?

Answer 19

A system for how memories are made and stored

Proposed by Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968-1971)

Question 20

What are the three stores in the multi-store model of memory?

Answer 20

• Sensory register
• Short-term memory
• Long-term memory

Question 21

What connects the stores in the multi-store model of memory?

Answer 21

Processes that enable information to flow from each store

Question 22

What is the sensory register (SR)?

Answer 22

Where all sensory information from the environment is held

Question 23

How many senses does the sensory register detect?

Answer 23

Five senses

Question 24

What are the five senses involved in the sensory register?

Answer 24

• Eyes for sight
• Ears for sounds
• Nose for smell
• Tongue for taste
• Skin for touch/pressure

Question 25

What is coding in the context of memory?

Answer 25

How the memory is stored, such as acoustic, visual, or semantic codes

Question 26

What type of memory is iconic memory associated with?

Answer 26

Visual information

Question 27

What type of memory is echoic memory associated with?

Answer 27

Acoustic (sound) information

Question 28

What are the types of sensory register stores?

Answer 28

* Haptic (touch) * Echoic (sounds) * Iconic (sight) * Olfactory (smell) * Gustatory (taste)

Question 29

What does capacity refer to in memory stores?

Answer 29

How much data can be held in the memory store

Question 30

What is the capacity of the sensory register (SR)?

Answer 30

Very high capacity

Question 31

What is the duration of sensory information in the SR?

Answer 31

Held for milliseconds

Question 32

Why is sensory information held for such a short duration?

Answer 32

The brain receives millions of pieces of information every second

Question 33

What role does attention play in memory?

Answer 33

Connects the SR to the short-term memory store (STM)

Question 34

Fill in the blank: If attention is paid to the information in the SR, it can be passed onto _______.

Answer 34

STM

Question 35

What is short-term memory (STM) used for?

Answer 35

Present and immediate tasks, such as following directions or recalling someone's name immediately after learning it.

Question 36

What type of coding is typically used in short-term memory?

Answer 36

Acoustic coding.

Question 37

What is the capacity of short-term memory according to Miller's research?

Answer 37

Between five to nine items.

Question 38

What does Miller's 'magic number 7' refer to?

Answer 38

The capacity of short-term memory, which can hold 7 items at once, plus or minus 2.

Question 39

What is the approximate duration of short-term memory?

Answer 39

Around 18 seconds, unless rehearsed.

Question 40

What is the role of rehearsal in memory?

Answer 40

To pass information from short-term memory (STM) into long-term memory (LTM).

Question 41

What is maintenance rehearsal?

Answer 41

A surface-level repetition of information, such as repeating a phone number in your head.

Question 42

What is elaborative rehearsal?

Answer 42

Involves deeper processing of information, such as learning lines for a play.

Question 43

Fill in the blank: The capacity of short-term memory is limited to _______.

Answer 43

five to nine items.

Question 44

True or False: Short-term memory can hold information indefinitely without rehearsal.

Answer 44

False.

Question 45

What happens to information in short-term memory if it is not rehearsed?

Answer 45

It is lost after about 18 seconds.

Question 47

What are the three stores of long-term memory?

Answer 47

Episodic, Semantic, and Procedural.

Question 48

What is episodic memory?

Answer 48

Episodic memories recall events or 'episodes' in a person's life, involving personal events and experiences.

Question 49

How are episodic memories characterized?

Answer 49

Episodic memories are time-stamped and often linked to a specific location.

Question 50

Can you provide an example of an episodic memory?

Answer 50

'When I was five years old I broke my collar-bone falling from a tree in my grandma's garden.'

Question 51

What emotions are associated with episodic memories?

Answer 51

Emotions felt at the time of the event may also be remembered, e.g., 'I remember feeling frightened when I fell.'

Question 52

What additional context can be part of episodic memory?

Answer 52

The wider context of the event, such as relatives present, clothing worn, or the weather.

Question 53

Give an example of episodic memory related to a family event.

Answer 53

A family eating a meal together. ## Footnote Recalling what was eaten for dinner last night is an example of an episodic memory.

Question 54

What is semantic memory?

Answer 54

Semantic memory recalls memories of facts and the meaning of the world around us.

Question 55

How are semantic memories characterized?

Answer 55

Semantic memories are not time-stamped and are often not personal.

Question 56

Can you provide an example of semantic memory?

Answer 56

Knowing that the capital city of France is Paris.

Question 57

What is procedural memory?

Answer 57

Procedural memories store how to carry out certain tasks or skills.

Question 58

How are procedural memories recalled?

Answer 58

Little conscious thought is required to recall these memories.

Question 59

How are procedural memories formed?

Answer 59

The memory of the task or skill is formed from lots of practice and rehearsal.

Question 60

Can you provide examples of procedural memory?

Answer 60

Riding a bike, tying a shoelace, driving a car.

Question 62

What evidence supports the idea of different memory stores for LTM?

Answer 62

The case study of Clive Wearing shows he retained procedural memory but not episodic memories. ## Footnote Example: He could remember how to play the piano but could not remember learning to play it.

Question 63

Which brain areas are associated with different types of LTM?

Answer 63

Episodic memory is associated with the hippocampus, semantic memory with the temporal lobe, and procedural memory with the cerebellum.

Question 64

Why is the clinical evidence for LTM stores considered reliable?

Answer 64

It is high in reliability as it is objective and scientific.

Question 65

What is a limitation of case studies in LTM research?

Answer 65

Case studies cannot be generalized beyond their immediate subject to the general population.

Question 66

What is a consequence of the limitations of case studies?

Answer 66

This weakens their use as supporting evidence for separate LTM stores.

Question 67

What is an example of crossover between episodic and semantic memories?

Answer 67

Learning French at school is both semantic (understanding the language) and episodic (time-stamped to school experience).

Question 68

What does the crossover between episodic and semantic memories suggest?

Answer 68

It suggests that LTM (three separate stores) is actually more complex.