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Psychology Paper 1 > Memory-msm & Types Of Ltm > Flashcards

Memory-msm & Types Of Ltm Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

What is long-term memory (LTM)?

A

A permanent memory store of past events or items

Examples include your first day at primary school, a birthday party, or the name of your favourite teacher.

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2
Q

What is required to recall information from long-term memory?

A

Information must be accessed and transferred to short-term memory (STM), known as retrieval

Retrieval is the process of accessing stored information.

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3
Q

How is information in long-term memory coded?

A

Semantically (based on meaning)

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4
Q

What is the capacity of long-term memory?

A

Potentially unlimited

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5
Q

What is the duration of long-term memory thought to be?

A

For the lifetime of each individual

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6
Q

What may happen to items in long-term memory?

A

They may be prone to forgetting

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7
Q

What does some research suggest about memory storage in LTM?

A

Some memories were never actually stored in LTM and may have been displaced from STM

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8
Q

What does it mean if some long-term memories are unavailable?

A

They are resistant to retrieval

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9
Q

What do some memories in LTM experience?

A

Decay

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10
Q

What does research using brain scanning techniques indicate about STM and LTM?

A

They may be stored in different brain regions

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11
Q

What supports the theory of having separate memory stores?

A

Controlled lab studies on coding, capacity, and duration

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12
Q

What did Baddeley’s (1966) study reveal about STM and LTM?

A

Similar-sounding words get mixed up in STM, while similar-meaning words get mixed up in LTM

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13
Q

What is a limitation of the multi-store model (MSM)?

A

It may be too simple

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14
Q

What does research suggest about STM and LTM?

A

They are made up of more than one store

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15
Q

What does the working memory model include?

A

Five components of STM

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16
Q

What type of tasks are often used in MSM research?

A

Artificial tasks, such as recalling a string of digits/letters

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17
Q

What issue arises from the use of artificial stimuli in research?

A

It limits application to real-world memory use

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18
Q

What does the use of artificial tasks in research imply?

A

The study lacks ecological validity

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19
Q

What does the multi-store model of memory (MSM) describe?

A

A system for how memories are made and stored

Proposed by Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968-1971)

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20
Q

What are the three stores in the multi-store model of memory?

A
  • Sensory register
  • Short-term memory
  • Long-term memory
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21
Q

What connects the stores in the multi-store model of memory?

A

Processes that enable information to flow from each store

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22
Q

What is the sensory register (SR)?

A

Where all sensory information from the environment is held

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23
Q

How many senses does the sensory register detect?

A

Five senses

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24
Q

What are the five senses involved in the sensory register?

A
  • Eyes for sight
  • Ears for sounds
  • Nose for smell
  • Tongue for taste
  • Skin for touch/pressure
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25
What is coding in the context of memory?
How the memory is stored, such as acoustic, visual, or semantic codes
26
What type of memory is iconic memory associated with?
Visual information
27
What type of memory is echoic memory associated with?
Acoustic (sound) information
28
What are the types of sensory register stores?
* Haptic (touch) * Echoic (sounds) * Iconic (sight) * Olfactory (smell) * Gustatory (taste)
29
What does capacity refer to in memory stores?
How much data can be held in the memory store
30
What is the capacity of the sensory register (SR)?
Very high capacity
31
What is the duration of sensory information in the SR?
Held for milliseconds
32
Why is sensory information held for such a short duration?
The brain receives millions of pieces of information every second
33
What role does attention play in memory?
Connects the SR to the short-term memory store (STM)
34
Fill in the blank: If attention is paid to the information in the SR, it can be passed onto _______.
STM
35
What is short-term memory (STM) used for?
Present and immediate tasks, such as following directions or recalling someone's name immediately after learning it.
36
What type of coding is typically used in short-term memory?
Acoustic coding.
37
What is the capacity of short-term memory according to Miller's research?
Between five to nine items.
38
What does Miller's 'magic number 7' refer to?
The capacity of short-term memory, which can hold 7 items at once, plus or minus 2.
39
What is the approximate duration of short-term memory?
Around 18 seconds, unless rehearsed.
40
What is the role of rehearsal in memory?
To pass information from short-term memory (STM) into long-term memory (LTM).
41
What is maintenance rehearsal?
A surface-level repetition of information, such as repeating a phone number in your head.
42
What is elaborative rehearsal?
Involves deeper processing of information, such as learning lines for a play.
43
Fill in the blank: The capacity of short-term memory is limited to _______.
five to nine items.
44
True or False: Short-term memory can hold information indefinitely without rehearsal.
False.
45
What happens to information in short-term memory if it is not rehearsed?
It is lost after about 18 seconds.
46
47
What are the three stores of long-term memory?
Episodic, Semantic, and Procedural.
48
What is episodic memory?
Episodic memories recall events or 'episodes' in a person's life, involving personal events and experiences.
49
How are episodic memories characterized?
Episodic memories are time-stamped and often linked to a specific location.
50
Can you provide an example of an episodic memory?
'When I was five years old I broke my collar-bone falling from a tree in my grandma's garden.'
51
What emotions are associated with episodic memories?
Emotions felt at the time of the event may also be remembered, e.g., 'I remember feeling frightened when I fell.'
52
What additional context can be part of episodic memory?
The wider context of the event, such as relatives present, clothing worn, or the weather.
53
Give an example of episodic memory related to a family event.
A family eating a meal together. ## Footnote Recalling what was eaten for dinner last night is an example of an episodic memory.
54
What is semantic memory?
Semantic memory recalls memories of facts and the meaning of the world around us.
55
How are semantic memories characterized?
Semantic memories are not time-stamped and are often not personal.
56
Can you provide an example of semantic memory?
Knowing that the capital city of France is Paris.
57
What is procedural memory?
Procedural memories store how to carry out certain tasks or skills.
58
How are procedural memories recalled?
Little conscious thought is required to recall these memories.
59
How are procedural memories formed?
The memory of the task or skill is formed from lots of practice and rehearsal.
60
Can you provide examples of procedural memory?
Riding a bike, tying a shoelace, driving a car.
61
62
What evidence supports the idea of different memory stores for LTM?
The case study of Clive Wearing shows he retained procedural memory but not episodic memories. ## Footnote Example: He could remember how to play the piano but could not remember learning to play it.
63
Which brain areas are associated with different types of LTM?
Episodic memory is associated with the hippocampus, semantic memory with the temporal lobe, and procedural memory with the cerebellum.
64
Why is the clinical evidence for LTM stores considered reliable?
It is high in reliability as it is objective and scientific.
65
What is a limitation of case studies in LTM research?
Case studies cannot be generalized beyond their immediate subject to the general population.
66
What is a consequence of the limitations of case studies?
This weakens their use as supporting evidence for separate LTM stores.
67
What is an example of crossover between episodic and semantic memories?
Learning French at school is both semantic (understanding the language) and episodic (time-stamped to school experience).
68
What does the crossover between episodic and semantic memories suggest?
It suggests that LTM (three separate stores) is actually more complex.

Psychology Paper 1 (3 decks)

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