MEMORY: multi store model

Question 1

Who proposed the Multi-Store Model and when?

Answer 1

Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)

Question 2

What are the three stores in the MSM?

Answer 2

Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory (STM), Long-Term Memory (LTM)

Question 3

How is information transferred from STM to LTM?

Answer 3

Through rehearsal

Question 4

What causes forgetting in MSM?

Answer 4

Decay or displacement in STM, and retrieval failure in LTM

Question 5

What type of information does sensory memory store?

Answer 5

Information relative to different senses (e.g., iconic for visual, echoic for sound)

Question 6

Duration of sensory memory?

Answer 6

Less than a second

Question 7

How is STM mainly coded?

Answer 7

Acoustically

Question 8

Capacity of STM?

Answer 8

7 ± 2 items

(Miller, 1956)

Question 9

Duration of STM?

Answer 9

18–30 seconds

(Baddeley, 1966)

Question 10

How is information lost in STM?

Answer 10

Through displacement or interference

Question 11

How is information mainly coded in LTM?

Answer 11

Semantically

Question 12

Duration of LTM?

Answer 12

Potentially a lifetime

(Bahrick – VLTM)

Question 13

What is the Serial Position Curve?

Answer 13

Pattern of recall where people remember the first and last items best

(Glanzer & Cunitz, 1966)

Question 14

What is the Primacy Effect?

Answer 14

Better recall of early list items due to rehearsal into LTM

Question 15

What is the Recency Effect?

Answer 15

Better recall of last items held in STM

Question 16

What is the Asymptote?

Answer 16

Middle items recalled poorly due to displacement from STM

Question 17

What evidence supports two separate memory stores?

Answer 17

Serial position effect and independent manipulation of primacy and recency

Question 18

How does presentation speed affect recall?

Answer 18

Slower speed improves Primacy but not Recency

Question 19

What happens to Recency with interference?

Answer 19

It disappears, supporting that Recency is from STM

Question 20

Who was HM and what did his case show?

Answer 20

Had normal STM but impaired LTM; shows separate stores

(Scoville & Milner, 1996)

Question 21

Who was KF and what did his case show?

Answer 21

Had impaired STM but intact LTM; shows stores are separate

(Shallice & Warrington, 1970)

Question 22

What is one key criticism of the MSM?

Answer 22

It’s too simplistic and doesn’t account for strategies like mnemonics

Question 23

What is the Levels of Processing theory?

Answer 23

Craik & Lockhart proposed memory is better with deeper, elaborate processing

Question 24

What evidence supports LTM feeding into STM?

Answer 24

Chunking requires access to LTM, suggesting bidirectional flow

Question 25

What’s a limitation of brain damage studies?

Answer 25

They show that stores are separate but not how LTM can be intact if STM is damaged

Question 26

Is there one type of LTM?

Answer 26

No – there are different types (e.g., episodic, semantic)