memory psych

Question 1

WHAT IS MEMORY

Answer 1

Processes that allow us to record and retrieve experiences and information

Question 2

Recall:

Answer 2

retrieve previously stored information

Question 3

Recognition

Answer 3

identify which stimulus, out of a bunch of choices, matches your stored
information

Question 4

Relearning

Answer 4

compare rates of learning information on successive occasions to the first occasion

Question 5

Relearning

Answer 5

compare rates of learning information on successive occasions to the first occasion

Question 6

Encoding

Answer 6

getting information in by translating it into a neural code that your brain can process

Question 7

Storage

Answer 7

retaining the information over time

Question 8

Retrieval

Answer 8

getting information back out of storage when we want to use it 13 Encoding
Storage Retrieval

Question 9

The Atkinson-Shiffrin Model (1968)

Answer 9

The first model of memory, multistage process in which information flows along three separate and interacting memory stores

Question 10

Sensory Memory:

Answer 10

The initial information processor selects what details to pay attention to then sends this information on for further processing.

Question 11

Iconic memory

Answer 11

visual memory is less than a second

Question 12

Echoic memory

Answer 12

auditory memory lasts roughly 5 seconds

Question 13

Short term memory:

Answer 13

Temporarily holds a limited amount of information,
Can remember the stimulus in various forms
Can remember 7 +/- 2

Question 14

Chunking:

Answer 14

combining individual items into larger units

Question 15

Maintenance rehearsal:

Answer 15

Simple repetition

Question 16

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 16

focus on meaning

Question 17

Working memory

Answer 17

A Mental workspace in which we store actively process information

Question 18

Phonological loop

Answer 18

Repeating to self

Question 19

episodic buffer

Answer 19

understanding context

Question 20

visual spatial Sketchpad

Answer 20

UNderstandingtraffic

Question 21

Central executive

Answer 21

Phonological loop episodic buffer visual spatial Sketchpad

Question 22

Long term Memory:

Answer 22

Library of durable stored memories
Storage capacity unlimited
Can endure for a lifetime

Question 23

Declarative

Answer 23

Semantic: facts
Episodic : events that happened in your life

Question 24

Non declarative

Answer 24

Procedural: ( movement)
Conditioning: (learning from consequences)

Question 25

Retrieval

Answer 25

Getting information out

Question 26

Forgetting:

Answer 26

Rapid loss of memory at first, then a more gradual decline.

Question 27

WHY YOU FORGET

Answer 27

BRIAN DAMAGE, Encoding failure, Encoding failure, DECAY OF MEMORY, RETRIEVAL FAILURE, INTERFERENCE

Question 28

INTERFERENCE TYPES AND DEFINITON

Answer 28

Information forgotten because other items in LTM impair ability to retrieve it Proactive interference: Past material interferes with recall of newer material Retroactive interference: New information interferes with ability to recall older information

Question 29

misinformation effect:

Answer 29

Distortion of memory by misleading post-event information

Question 30

Implanted memories

Answer 30

Simply picturing an event can make it seem like a real memory. This is because imagining an event and seeing an event activate similar brain areas

Question 31

Biology of memory

Answer 31

Three approaches to study where memories are formed in the brain.

Question 32

Human lesion

Answer 32

Human lesion studies Study memory loss due to brain damage

Question 33

Nonhuman animal lesion studies

Answer 33

Deliberate damage to brain regions:

Question 34

Brain imaging studies

Answer 34

Examine healthy brain as participants perform memory tasks

Question 35

Where in the brain are memories formed? HIPPOCAMPUS

Answer 35

Convert short-term memories into long-term

Question 36

Cerebral cortex:

Answer 36

Encoding information from sensory memory

Question 37

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 37

Involved in functions of working memory

Question 38

Thalamus

Answer 38

Damage results in extensive anterograde and retrograde amnesia

Question 39

Amygdala

Answer 39

Emotional aspects of memory

Question 40

Cerebellum

Answer 40

Stores conditioned responses

Question 41

Basal ganglia

Answer 41

Procedural memory

Question 42

Emotions and memory

Answer 42

Strong emotions, especially stress, can Flashbulb memories refer to emotionally intense events that become “burned in” as a very vivid memory

Question 43

Maintenance rehearsal:

Answer 43

Rote repetition of information Not an optimal method

Question 44

Elaborative rehearsal:

Answer 44

* Focuses on information’s meaning * May involve: Organizing (chunking, hierarchy), understanding, relating to already learned concepts, using imagery

Question 45

Dual coding theory:

Answer 45

Memory enhanced if use multiple memory codes

Question 46

Mnemonic devices:

Answer 46

Memory aids intended to improve memory for specific information

Question 47

NAME Mnemonic devices:

Answer 47

Method of loci – Peg word system First-letter technique Acronyms