Memory Retrieval Flashcards
Retrieval cue
clue or prompt used to trigger retrieval of LTM
Recall
ability to access info without being cued
Recollection
reconstructing memory, often utilizing logical structures, partial memories, narratives or clues
Recognition
identification of info after experiencing it again
Relearning
involves relearning info that has been previously learned
Working Memory
system for temporarily storing and managing info required to carry out complex cognitive, temporarily maintaining mental representations that are relevant to the performance of a cog. task
Multiple-component model (Baddeley, 1986)
- each component has limited capacity and is relatively independent of others
- 4 main: phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad, and central executive… episodic buffer
Embedded-process model (Cowan, 1986)
- WM a part of STM
-WM - limitless representations from LTM are activated, “focus of attention” has a limited capacity and holds up to 4 activated representations - WM depends on the activation of LTM and attention focus controls that activation
LTM : explicit, declarative memory
Memories that can be consciously recalled (declared), WHAT
- Encoded by hippocampus, entorhinal cortex and perirhinal cortex (medial temporal lobe)
LTM : Episodic memory
memories of specific events or episodes, unique, what where and when an event happened, autobiographical memory
LTM: Semantic memory
general knowledge about the world, derived from episodic memory, memory does not have personal context
Implicit/nondeclarative memory
Automatic memory, HOW
- memories encoded and stored by the cerebellum, putamen, caudate nucleus, and motor cortex
- Skills learning/ Procedural
- Improved performance with repeated practice, acquired with our conscious awareness, hard to verbalize, requires practice
- BRAIN AREA : STRIATUM
- Conditioned response
- classical conditioning : when I do this, you do that
- Operant : if you do this, I’ll do that
- Priming
- exposure to a certain stimulus influences the responses to one other stimulus, perceptual identification of words and objects
-BRAIN AREA : NEOCORTEX
- Non-associative Learning
- Learning occurs after repeated presentations of the stimulus
- Habituation vs. sensitization
- BRAIN AREA : REFLEX PATHWAYS
Highly superior autobiographical syndrome (HSAM)
autobiographical events remembered in extraordinary details, avg recalling impersonal info
- no anatomical differences but additional networks between frontal lobe and hippocampus
Default network
areas of the cortex that are active when no external demands our attention
- 3 areas work together : visual, speech, and motor center
Prospective memory
Remembering to perform actions in future
Maintanence Rehearsal
process of repeatedly verbalizing or thinking about a piece of info. To maintain it in STM or WM, involves continuing to process an item at the same level, requires low cog. effort
Elaborative rehearsal
Involves thinking about the meaning of the info that is to be remembered, as well as making associations from that info to info already stored in memory, link of info between STM-LTM
Levels of processing theory (Craig and Lockhart)
- Shallow Processing : encode only physical properties
- Phonemic Processing : encode its sound
- Deep Processing : involves elaborative rehearsal - Semantic Processing : we encode the meaning of a word and relate it to other words with similar meaning of a word and relate to other words with similar meaning
Transfer-appropriate processing
Memories triggered by an event as it is initially being processed –> successful memory retrieval occurs when those earlier operations are recapitualted
Distinctiveness
Unusual info is recalled better than common info
