Memory Systems and Processes

Question 1

What are the 3 processes of memory?

Answer 1

Encoding - Converting info into a form usable in memory
Storage - Retaining information in memory
Retrieval - Bringing to mind information stored in memory

Question 2

What is Encoding?

Answer 2

The set of processes involved in transforming external events & internal thoughts into both temporary & long lasting memories

Question 3

What is an Engram?

Answer 3

Physical memory trace in brain

Question 4

What is the diagram of encoding long-term memories

Answer 4

Perception of Stimuli
Encoding
Engram
Long Term Potentiation
Storage

Question 5

What is long term potentiation?

Answer 5

Gradual strengthening of the connections among neuron’s from repetitive stimulation

Question 6

Sematic

Answer 6

Meaning

Question 7

Phonemic

Answer 7

Sounds like

Question 8

Structural

Answer 8

Letters/Physical

Question 9

What is Sensory Memory?

Answer 9

Very brief memory of a sensory experience
(large capacity, short duration)

Question 10

Working Memory

Answer 10

Capacity
Chunk
Duration

Question 11

What are the two types long-term memory?

Answer 11

Explicit
Implicit

Question 12

What are the two types of Explicit memory?

Answer 12

Semantic
Episodic

Question 13

What are the four types of Implicit memory?

Answer 13

Procedural
Priming
Conditioning
Habituation

Question 14

Explicit

Answer 14

Knowing WHAT
Memory for facts,events & beliefs about the world
Can recall intentionally
(declarative memory)

Question 15

Semantic

Answer 15

Explicit
-Knowledge of facts about the world

Question 16

Episodic

Answer 16

Explicit
- Recollection of events and experiences in our lives

Question 17

Implicit

Answer 17

Knowing HOW
Experimental or functional form of memory
Do not deliberately remember
Cannot be consciously recalled or reflected on

Question 18

Procedural

Answer 18

Implicit
- How to do things
- Motor Skills, habits

Question 19

Priming

Answer 19

Implicit
- Identify stimulus easier after prior exposure

Question 20

Conditioning + Habituiation

Answer 20

Implicit
- Forms of unconscious learning

Question 21

Anatomical Change

Answer 21

Memory trace may reflect alterations in neurotransmitter release at specific sites

Question 22

Straitum

Answer 22

Habit Formation

Question 23

Amygdala

Answer 23

Memories about emotions

Question 24

Hippocampus

Answer 24

Semantic memory
Consolidation of memories

Question 25

Cerebellum

Answer 25

Procedural memory

Question 26

Retrieval

Answer 26

Bringing to mind info stored in memory

Question 27

What are three ways to access memories?

Answer 27

Recall Recognition Reconstruction

Question 28

Factors affecting LTM performance

Answer 28

-Stress/arousal -Serial position of information -The context -Failure to encode

Question 29

Stress/Arousal

Answer 29

Level of attention/arousal related to memory performance NOT LINEAR - Affects ability to encode

Question 30

Flashbulb memories

Answer 30

Strong, Vivid and detailed memories of dramatic events Emotional arousal triggers adrenalin release > enchanced memory

Question 31

Serial Position

Answer 31

Relates to position of information when given lots of info at once Primacy Effect - First items recalled better Recency Effect - Last items recalled better Clinical Context - Important infor first, repeat last

Question 32

Context

Answer 32

External & Internal context state can affect retrieval ENVIRONMENT + STATE - Encoding specificity - context embedded with info

Question 33

Failure to Encode

Answer 33

Failing to effectively put material into LTM - Too much stress - Not enough attention - Lack of rehearsal

Question 34

Three types of Forgetting

Answer 34

Decay (Transience) Interference Motivated Forgetting

Question 35

Decay Theory

Answer 35

Memory fades over time Points to impermanence of memory storage Relates to how frequently recalled/rehearsed

Question 36

Interference

Answer 36

Confusion or entanglement of similar memories Greatest when competing info most similar

Question 37

Motivated Forgetting

Answer 37

Forget what you don't want to think about (Repression) Usually due to trauma

Question 38

Iconic Echoic Haptic

Answer 38

Eyes Ears Hands