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AP Psychology > Memory Vocab > Flashcards

Memory Vocab Flashcards

1
Q

memory

A

the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information

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2
Q

recall

A

the process of bringing information from stored memories into conscious awareness.

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3
Q

recognition

A

when you notice something you learned previously

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4
Q

relearning

A

the process by which we learn something for the second time

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5
Q

encoding

A

the processing of information in the memory systems

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6
Q

storage

A

the retention of encoded information over time

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7
Q

retrieval

A

the process of getting information out of memory

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8
Q

parallel processing

A

the ability of the brain to simultaneously process incoming stimuli of differing quality

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9
Q

sensory memory

A

immediate,very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system

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10
Q

short-term memory

A

activated memory that holds a few items briefly

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11
Q

long-term memory

A

essentially endless, it encompasses everything you know. it is a passive system

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12
Q

working memory

A

a newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory

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13
Q

explicit memory

A

retention of facts and experiences from long-term memory that one can consciously know and declare. also known as declarative memory

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14
Q

effortful processing

A

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort

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15
Q

automatic processing

A

unconscious encoding of incidental information such as space, time and frequency, as of well-learned information, such as word meanings

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16
Q

implicit memory

A

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations in long-term memory independent of conscious recollection. also called non declarative memory

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17
Q

iconic memory

A

visual information

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18
Q

echoic memory

A

sound information

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19
Q

chunking

A

organizing information into meaningful units

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20
Q

mnemonics

A

a memory trick or technique for remembering specific facts. (ROYGBIV)

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21
Q

spacing effect

A

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed practice

22
Q

testing effect

A

an enhancement in the long-term retention of information as a result of taking a memory test.

23
Q

shallow processing

A

Processing information based on its surface characteristics

24
Q

deep processing

A

Processing information with respect to its meaning.

25
Q

semantic memory

A

recalling a password and holding it in working memory, for example, would activate the left frontal lobe

26
Q

episodic memory

A

calling up a visual party scene would more likely activate the right frontal lobe

27
Q

memory consolidation

A

a memory is stored like a library, and the memory itself doesn’t change, even if you forget some of it

28
Q

flashbulb memory

A

a clear, sustained long-term memory of an emotionally significant moment or event

29
Q

long-term potentiation (LTP)

A

an increase in a cell’s firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. it is a neural basis for learning and memory

30
Q

Priming

A

activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in long-term implicit memory

31
Q

Encoding Specificity principle

A

memories are linked to the context in which they are created. It states that it’s easier to recall information when you are in the same context in which you memorized or studied it.

32
Q

mood-congruent memory

A

a tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one’s current good or bad emotional state

33
Q

serial position effect

A

we remember the first and last things in a list the best

34
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

an inability to form new memories due to injury or illness

35
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

an inability to retrieve information from one’s past due to injury or illness

36
Q

proactive interference

A

occurs when older memories interfere with the retrieval of newer memories

37
Q

retroactive interference

A

occurs when newer memories interfere with the retrieval of older memories

38
Q

repression

A

the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories

39
Q

reconsolidation

A

a process in which previously store memories, when retrieved, are potentially altered before being stored again

40
Q

misinformation effect

A

occurs when misleading information has distorted one’s memory of an event

41
Q

source amnesia

A

faulty memory for how, when or where info was learned or imagined

42
Q

Hermann Ebbinghaus

A

pioneered the experimental study of memory, and is known for his discovery of the forgetting curve and the spacing effect. He was also the first person to describe the learning curve.

43
Q

Richard Atkinson

A

developed the field of mathematical modeling in psychology. His work established the validity of mathematical modeling as a powerful tool for illuminating complex cognitive phenomena.

44
Q

Richard Shiffrin

A

contributed a number of theories of attention and memory to the field of psychology. He co-authored the Atkinson–Shiffrin model of memory in 1968 with Richard Atkinson,[1] who was his academic adviser at the time. In 1977, he published a theory of attention with Walter Schneider.

45
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

helped proved why eyewitness testimonies can often be inaccurate

46
Q

Robert Sternberg

A

developed a testing instrument to identify people who are gifted in ways that other tests don’t identify.

47
Q

Wolfgang Kohler

A

Insight learning is perhaps the greatest contribution Wolfgang Kohler made to psychology. Building off the influence of gestalt psychology, Kohler discovered that learning can occur when we gain insight into an entire situation, as opposed to focusing only on an individual part.

48
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

the concept of universal grammar, which states that language is innate, or inborn, instead of learned, as is believed in behaviorism theory

49
Q

Paul Broca

A

discovery of the speech production center of the brain

50
Q

Carl Wernicke

A

discovery of the area in the cerebrum responsible for receptive language/speech phenomena in the superior gyrus of the temporal lobe

51
Q

Benjamin Lee Whorf

A

his ideas about linguistic relativity, the hypothesis that language influences thought

52
Q
A

AP Psychology (11 decks)

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