Memory_Flashcards_Updated

Question 1

What type of encoding is used in the short-term memory (STM)?

Answer 1

Acoustic encoding, as shown by Baddeley’s study.

Question 2

What type of encoding is used in long-term memory (LTM)?

Answer 2

Semantic encoding, according to Baddeley’s study.

Question 3

What is the capacity of STM according to Jacobs and Miller?

Answer 3

Jacobs found it to be about 7 +/- 2 items, supporting Miller’s magic number 7.

Question 4

How long does STM last according to Peterson and Peterson?

Answer 4

About 18–30 seconds without rehearsal.

Question 5

How long can LTM last according to Bahrick’s study?

Answer 5

Up to a lifetime; people could recall classmates after 48 years.

Question 6

What are the three components of the Multi-Store Model of memory?

Answer 6

Sensory register, short-term memory, long-term memory.

Question 7

What is a strength of the MSM?

Answer 7

Supported by studies like Baddeley and Peterson & Peterson showing different stores.

Question 8

What is a limitation of the MSM?

Answer 8

Oversimplifies memory; KF study shows STM is not unitary.

Question 9

What are the three types of long-term memory?

Answer 9

Episodic, semantic, and procedural.

Question 10

What type of LTM involves remembering personal experiences?

Answer 10

Episodic memory.

Question 11

What type of LTM involves knowledge of facts?

Answer 11

Semantic memory.

Question 12

What type of LTM involves knowing how to do things?

Answer 12

Procedural memory.

Question 13

What evidence supports different types of LTM?

Answer 13

Tulving’s brain scans show different areas active for episodic and semantic memory.

Question 14

What are the four components of the Working Memory Model?

Answer 14

Central executive, phonological loop, visuo-spatial sketchpad, episodic buffer.

Question 15

What is the role of the central executive?

Answer 15

To direct attention and allocate resources to tasks.

Question 16

What does the phonological loop process?

Answer 16

Auditory information and preserves order of information.

Question 17

What does the visuo-spatial sketchpad do?

Answer 17

Processes visual and spatial information.

Question 18

What is the episodic buffer?

Answer 18

Integrates information from other stores and links to LTM.

Question 19

What is a strength of the WMM?

Answer 19

Supported by dual-task studies showing separate systems.

Question 20

What is a limitation of the WMM?

Answer 20

The central executive is vague and not well explained.

Question 21

What is proactive interference?

Answer 21

Old information interferes with the new.

Question 22

What is retroactive interference?

Answer 22

New information interferes with the old.

Question 23

What study supports interference theory?

Answer 23

McGeoch & McDonald – similar material leads to more forgetting.

Question 24

What is retrieval failure due to absence of cues?

Answer 24

Inability to access memory because of missing external or internal cues.

Question 25

What is context-dependent forgetting?

Answer 25

Forgetting due to being in a different environment, e.g. Godden & Baddeley's diver study.

Question 26

What is state-dependent forgetting?

Answer 26

Forgetting due to a mismatch in physical/emotional state.

Question 27

What is a leading question?

Answer 27

A question that suggests a particular answer.

Question 28

What did Loftus & Palmer find about leading questions?

Answer 28

Word choice (e.g. 'smashed') affected speed estimates.

Question 29

What is post-event discussion?

Answer 29

When witnesses discuss what they saw, which can distort memory.

Question 30

What did Gabbert find about post-event discussion?

Answer 30

Witnesses conformed to others’ accounts.

Question 31

How can anxiety negatively affect eyewitness testimony?

Answer 31

The weapon focus effect suggests people focus on the weapon, not the face.

Question 32

What did Johnson & Scott's study show?

Answer 32

Participants were less accurate identifying a man with a knife than with a pen.

Question 33

How can anxiety improve eyewitness testimony?

Answer 33

High anxiety can improve recall due to increased alertness.

Question 34

What did Yuille & Cutshall's study show?

Answer 34

Real witnesses to a shooting gave accurate accounts months later.

Question 35

What are the four techniques of the cognitive interview?

Answer 35

Report everything, reinstate the context, reverse the order, change perspective.

Question 36

Why is the cognitive interview effective?

Answer 36

It increases the amount of accurate information recalled.

Question 37

What is a limitation of the cognitive interview?

Answer 37

Time-consuming and requires special training.

Question 38

What does the Yerkes-Dodson Law suggest about anxiety and performance?

Answer 38

It suggests a curvilinear relationship: moderate levels of anxiety improve performance, but too much or too little worsens it.

Question 39

How does the Yerkes-Dodson Law apply to eyewitness testimony?

Answer 39

It explains why moderate anxiety can enhance recall, while high anxiety (e.g. in violent crimes) may impair memory accuracy.