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Endocrinology > Men's Health > Flashcards

Men's Health Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of suicides are male?

A

76%

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2
Q

What percentage of adults who “go missing” are men?

A

73%

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3
Q

What percentage of rough sleepers are men?

A

90%

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4
Q

Men are twice as likely to use Class A drugs. True or False

A

True

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5
Q

What percentage of drug-related deaths occur in men?

A

78%

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6
Q

Girls are five times more likely to be diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). True or False

A

False - Boys are more likely

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7
Q

More than 50% of men won’t seek advice for non-serious conditions. True of False

A

True

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8
Q

What common problems may you encounter as a pharmacist for infants and boys?

A
  • Circumcision (surgical removal of the foreskin)
  • Undescended testicles (when the child’s testicles are not in their usual place in the scrotum)
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9
Q

What common problems may you encounter as a pharmacist for men in their mid-life?

A
  • Infertility (can be due to low sperm production, abnormal sperm function or blockages that prevent the delivery of sperm)
  • Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)
  • Male Pattern Baldness
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10
Q

What common problems may you encounter as a pharmacist for men in their later life?

A
  • Erectile dysfunction (unable to get an erection or unable to keep an erection for long enough to have sex)
  • Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) - an enlarged prostate, a condition that can affect how you pee (urinate)
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11
Q

What are the medical benefits of circumcision?

A
  • Prevention of phimosis
  • Won’t have recurrent balanitis
  • Prevention of penile problems and reduced risk
  • Can reduce the risk of HIV
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12
Q

What are the possible (rare) problems associated with circumcision?

A
  • Infection
  • Damage to penis
  • Swelling is normal for 3 weeks ; if more that 3 weeks refer to GP
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13
Q

Nearly all men are prevalent to male pattern baldness. True or false

A

True - 50% at 50 years

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14
Q

What are the causes of male pattern baldness?

A

Increasing your testosterone levels or normal testosterone levels can also increase your levels of dihydrotestosterone (DHT), causing damage to your hair follicles (sensitive to DHT) and speeding up the effects of male pattern baldness.

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15
Q

Male pattern baldness is autosomal dominant phenotype in men and an autosomal recessive phenotype in women. What is the difference between autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive?

A

Autosomal dominant traits pass from one parent onto their child. Autosomal recessive traits pass from both parents onto their child.

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16
Q

What are the treatment options for male pattern baldness?

A
  • No treatment
  • Hairpieces and wigs
  • Surgery
    -Drugs (Finasteride or Minoxidil) - Not available from NHS: either private Rx or OTC
17
Q

What was Minoxidil originally for?

A

Hypertension - 70% developed hair growth
- Supplied as a lotion 2% and 5%

18
Q

How does Finasteride work?

A
  • Blocks the conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (5 alpha reductase inhibitor)
  • New hair growth in 2/3 men, Stops loss in 1/3 men
  • No effect in 1 in 100 people
  • Continuous use for 4-6 months - 2 years treatment for full effects
  • Reverse 6-12 months after stopping
19
Q

What diseases can be formed from the Prostate?

A
  • Prostate cancer
  • Benign prostatic hyperplasia
  • Prostatitis
20
Q

What is Prostate cancer?

A
  • Malignant growth of prostate cells, localised and may spread
  • Rare in men under 50 years, and is more common with increasing age
21
Q

What is Benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A
  • Non-malignant increase in size of the prostate with age
  • Rare in men under 50 years
22
Q

What is Prostatitis

A
  • Inflammation of the prostate
  • Can occur in men of any age
23
Q

What are the symptoms of Benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

Impedes (prevents/obstructs) ruin flow (dribbles)
- Compress urethra
- Causes muscle contraction
- Can cause complications if left untreated

24
Q

What is a prostate-specific antigen (PSA)?

A

A protein produced by normal, as well as malignant, cells of the prostate gland.

25
Q

What can be done to diagnose Benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A
  • Prostate-specific antigen test
  • Transrectal ultrasound - an examination of the prostate gland using ultrasound
  • International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS)
    • 1-7 = Mild
    • 8-19 = Moderate
    • 20-35 = Severe
26
Q

What are the complications associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A
  • Acute Urinary Retention
  • Urinary tract infections
  • Bladder stones
  • Bladder damage
  • Kidney damage
27
Q

What are the treatment options for benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A
  • Watchful waiting
  • Surgical options
    - Transurethral Incision of the Prostate TUIP (cuts)
    - Transurethral Resection of the Prostate TURP (removal of parts)
  • Drug treatment
    - Alpha blockers e.g. Tamsulosin
    - Finasteride
28
Q

When should Alpha blockers e.g. Tamsulosin, be considered for benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

Alpha blockers relaxes bladder muscles - offer to men with moderate to severe symptoms

29
Q

When should Finasteride, be considered for benign prostatic hyperplasia?

A

Finasteride reduces prostate size - Offer if more than 30g and at high risk of progression (e.g. older men)

30
Q

What does watching waiting mean?

A

Watchful waiting is a way of monitoring prostate cancer/prostate conditions that isn’t causing any symptoms or signs of problems. The aim is to keep an eye on the cancer/condition over the long term, and avoid treatment unless you get symptoms.

31
Q

What are the 3 types of erectile dysfunction?

A
  • Psychogenic
  • Vascular
  • Neurogenic
32
Q

What is psychogenic erectile dysfunction (PED)?

A

The inability to obtain and maintain an erection satisfactory for sexual performance due to psychological factors.

33
Q

What is vascular erectile dysfunction?

A

Vasculogenic ED occurs when the arteries and/or veins that bring blood to and from the penis, are not functioning correctly due to blockages, narrowing or other physiological causes

34
Q

What is neurogenic erectile dysfunction (NED)?

A

Form of erectile dysfunction that’s caused by impairment to your nervous system.

35
Q

What percentage of men of any age prevalent to erectile dysfunction?

A

10%

36
Q

What percentage of men aged 50-70 years are prevalent to erectile dysfunction?

A

50%

37
Q

What percentage of men that may be drug induced are prevalent to erectile dysfunction?

A

25%

38
Q

What are the treatment options for erectile dysfunction?

A
  • Vacuum devices: an external pump that can be used to get and maintain an erection
  • Injections: e.g. Caverject
  • Oral testosterone: for men whose body doesn’t make natural testosterone
  • Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors:
    - Sildenafil
    - Tadalafil
    - Vardenafil
39
Q

How do phosphodiesterase inhibitors work?

A
  • Sildenafil (Viagra)
  • Prevents the breakdown of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which sustains the erection
  • Severe hypotension possible when using nitrates and phosphodiesterase inhibitors. Must use with extreme caution.
  • Available over the counter (OTC)
  • £4-5 per tablet

Endocrinology (14 decks)

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