Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Integration > Men's Health > Flashcards

Men's Health Flashcards

(54 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Phimosis

A

Foreskin can’t be retracted from around the tip of the penis
Normal up to adolescence
Treat with circumcision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Consequences of phimosis

A

Poor hygiene-> STD risk
Pain on intercourse, splitting/ bleeding
Balanitis, Posthitis, BXO, Paraphimosis, Urinary retention, Penile cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Balanitis

A

Inflamed glans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Posthitis

A

Inflamed foreskin/ prepuce

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Balanitis xerotica obliterans

A

Lichen sclerosis

Whitening of tip due to scarring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Paraphimosis

A

Foreskin can no longer be pulled forward over the tip of the penis
Foreskin swollen or stuck, which may slow or stop the flow of blood to the tip of the penis
Painful constriction of glans penis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Paraphimosis treatment

A

Manual reduction

Dorsal slit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Causes of paraphimosis

A

Phimosis, catheterisation (esp. elderly), penile cancer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Penile cancer squamous cell carcinoma risk factors

A

Poor hygiene from phimosis
Build up of smegma (sebaceous secretion), in the folds of the skin. This becomes carcinogenic
HPV 16 & 18 is also a risk factor
Most die within 2 years if untreated, almost all within 5 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Paediatric indications for circumcision

A

Religious

Recurrent balanitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Adult indications for circumcision

A 
Recurrent balanitis
Phimosis
Recurrent paraphimosis
Balanitis xerotica obliterans
Penile cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Causes of acute scrotal pain

A

Testicular torsion
Epididymitis/ Orchitis/ Epididymo-orchitis- UTI, STI, Mumps
Torsion of hyatid of Morgagni- remnant of Müllerian duct
Trauma
Ureteric calculi at VUJ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Testicular torsion

A

History: Younger, sudden onset, unilateral pain, nausea/vomiting, no LUTS
Examination: Tender testis, lying high in scrotum with horizontal lie
Treatment: Emergency scrotal exploration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Epididymo- orchitis

A

History: STI (20-50, Chlamydia), UTI (40-50, E.coli), Gradual onset, Unilateral
Examination: Pyrexia (can be septic), scrotum erythematosus, testis/ epididymis enlarged or tender, abscess, reactive hydrocele to infection, Fournier’s gangrene
Investigation: bloods, urine (MSU), scrotal USS if suspect abscess (fluctuant areas)
Treatment- antibiotics, surgical drainage of abscess

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Fournier’s gangrene

A

Necrotic area of scrotal skin
Seen in epididymo-orchitis
Treat with emergency debridement and antibiotics- cutting away skin, anaerobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Scrotal lumps history and examination

A

History: Painful? Onset?
Examination: Can you get above/ over the lump? (Yes in testicular tumour, no in hernia), Separate to testis? Fluctuate/ trans illuminate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Painless/ non-tender scrotal lump

A

Testis tumour
Epididymal cyst
Hydrocele
Reducible inguino-scrotal hernia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Painless/ aching at end of day- not tender scrotal lump

A

Varicocele

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Painful/ tender scrotal lump

A

Epididymitis
Epididymo-orchitis
Strangulated inguino-scrotal hernia (emergency)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Testicular tumour

A

Usually painless
Germ cell (seminoma/ teratoma) tumours in men<45
History of undescended tests
Lymphoma in older men
Examination: abnormal body of testis, can get above
2 week wait to Urology: testis tumour markers (aFP, hCG, LDH)
Treatment: inguinal orchidectomy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hydrocele

A

Imbalance of fluid production and res portion between tunica albuginea and tunica vaginalis
Testis not palpable separately, can usually get above, trans illuminates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Epididymal cyst

Study These Flashcards
A 
Painless
Separate from testis on examination
Can get above mass
Trans illuminates 
Reassure- excise if large
23
Q

Varicocele

Study These Flashcards
A

Dull ache, at end of day
L>R as left drains into renal vein
Bag of worms, not tender, palpable abdominal/ renal mass
Treatment- radiological embolisation, infertility

24
Q

Urinary retention causes

Study These Flashcards
A 
Prostatic enlargement- BPH, cancer
Phimosis/ urethral stricture/ mental stenosis
Constipation
UTI
Drugs- anticholinergics
Over distension 
Following surgery
Cauda equina
25
Acute urinary retention
``` Painful Pain relieved by drainage Residual volume <1000ml No kidney insult Trial without catheter after addressing exacerbating factor ```
26
Chronic urinary retention
``` Painless/ less painful Abdominal swelling Residual volume >300m Kidney insult Learn to self-catheterise ```
27
Acute on chronic urinary retention
``` Painful Redial volume >1000ml Kidney insult common TWOC Long term catheter or surgical intervention ```
28
Storage LUTS
Frequency Urgency Nocturia
29
Types of storage LUTS
``` Irritation Overactive bladder Low compliance of bladder (scarred) Polyuria Prostatic changes ```
30
Causes of bladder irritation.
Bladder infection/ inflammation Bladder cancer Bladder stone
31
Causes of overactive bladder
Idiopathic | Neuropathic, e.g. CVA, Parkinson’s, multiple sclerosis
32
Causes of low bladder compliance
Scarring Schistosomiasis Surgery
33
Causes of polyuria
Global (uncontrolled diabetes) | Nocturnal (venous stasis/ peripheral oedema, sleep apnoea, ANP released)
34
Voiding LUTS
Bladder outflow obstruction Hesitancy Poor flow Post micturition dribbling
35
Causes of voiding LUTS
Bladder outflow obstruction: urethra, prostate, bladder neck, neurological Reduced contractility
36
Bladder outflow obstruction
Urethra- phimosis, stricture Prostate- bladder neck, BPH, malignant Bladder neck- a1 sympathetic smooth muscle tone Neurological- lack of coordination between bladder and urinary sphincter (UMN lesion)
37
Reduced contractility
LMN lesion
38
International prostate symptom score
``` Incomplete emptying Frequency Intermittency Urgency Weak stream Straining Nocturia Mild 0-7 Moderate 8-19 Severe 20-35 ```
39
Primary BPH management
Lifestyle: reduce caffeine intake, avoid fizzy drinks Alpha blockers: relax smooth muscle in prostate and bladder neck (Tamsulosin) 5a- reductase inhibitors: shrink prostate in androgen deprivation, slower symptom relief than alpha blockers (finasteride/ dutasteride)
40
Secondary BPH management
Trans urethral resection of prostate
41
Diagnosis from scrotal lump in body of testis
Testis cancer
42
Sudden onset testicular pain
Torsion
43
Post- obstructive diuresis
Post-obstructive diuresis is an abnormal condition of prolonged polyuria, involving both excessive salt and water loss, after the acute drainage and decompression of a distended bladder, typically from urinary retention
44
BPH symptoms
``` More frequent urination Painless Difficulty starting and stopping Poor stream Hesitant and dribbling (post micturition) Incomplete emptying Increased frequency and urgency ```
45
BPH treatment
* tamulosin (flomax) oral 400mg once a day (alpha blockers) * Dutasteride, 5 alpha reductase inhibitor * Can cause depression, nausea, headache erectile dysfunction, retrograde ejaculation
46
Metabolic syndrome
Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions that occur together, increasing your risk of heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes. These conditions include increased blood pressure, high blood sugar, excess body fat around the waist (>37 in men), and abnormal cholesterol or triglyceride levels.
47
Physical causes of erectile dysfunction
Atherosclerosis Smoking Cycling- damage to key blood vessels Relationship between ED and risk of angina: narrowed major heart arteries, single vessel blockage Side effect of drugs- high blood pressure medication, for heart disease, antidepressants, peptic ulcer meds, cancer meds Prostate gland surgery or other surgery around pelvis can cause it Radical prostatectomy Spinal cord injury Alcohol damages the nerves leading to penis, reduces testosterone levels, increases levels of oestrogen
48
Treatments for ED
``` Injection therapy MUSE (medicated urethral system for ejection) Vacuum pumps Penile implants Therapy ```
49
Injection therapy for ED
Alprostadil (caverjet and Viridal) | Causes local vasodilation, producing an election within 15mins
50
MUSE
Medicated urethral system for ejection | Also uses alprostadil as a small pellet into urethra via single dose disposable plastic applicator
51
Bladder capacity
400-600ml | Desire to void at 300ml
52
Risk factors of LUTS in men
``` Increased serum dihydrotestosterone Obesity Elevated fasting glucose Diabetes Fat and red meat intake Inflammation, which increases the risk ```
53
Filling symptoms
Urinary frequency Urgency Dysuria Nocturia
54
Voiding symptoms
``` Poor stream Hesitancy Terminal dribbling Incomplete voiding Overflow incontinence (occurs in chronic retention) ```

Integration (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions