Mendel's Experiments And Heredity And Modern Genetics

Question 1

Father of genetics, Augustine Monk, 10,000s garden peas experiments, uncovered rules of genetics through methodical, quantitative analysis

Answer 1

Gregor Mendel

Question 2

Seven traits in Mendel’s pea plant monohybrid crosses

Answer 2

Seed shape (round or wrinkled), seed color (yellow or green), pea pod shape (smooth or dented), pea pod color (yellow or green), flower position (off top or side), flower color (purple or white), stem length (short and tall)

Question 3

True breeding strains, for every trait all F1 plants resembled only one parent

Answer 3

F1 generation

Question 4

Plants resembled only one parent is referred to as what trait?

Answer 4

Dominant (D)

Question 5

Plants resembled an alternative trait, other parent plant is referred to as?

Answer 5

Recessive (d)

Question 6

Variation in the physical appearance of a heritable or genetically determined characteristic

Answer 6

Trait

Question 7

Sequence of DNA that determines a specific trait

Answer 7

Gene

Question 8

Alternative forms of a given gene that exists at the same relative location on homologous chromosomes

Answer 8

Alleles

Question 9

a pair of chromosomes that come from different parents and have the same genes in the same order, but may have slight variations:

Answer 9

Homologous chromosomes

Question 10

Two of the same allele (BB or bb)

Answer 10

Homozygous

Question 11

Two different alleles (Bb)

Answer 11

Heterozygous

Question 12

An individual’s genetic makeup, the specific genes, results in a trait, (BB, BB, bb)

Answer 12

Genotype

Question 13

BB

Answer 13

Homozygous dominant

Question 14

Bb

Answer 14

Heterozygous

Question 15

bb

Answer 15

Homozygous recessive

Question 16

An individual’s observable traits (normal hand compared to a brachyd actylic (hand with short fingers or one long finger)

Answer 16

Phenotype

Question 17

1:2:1

Answer 17

Genotypic ratio

Question 18

3:1

Answer 18

Phenotypic ratio

Question 19

In a heterozygote, one trait will conceal the presence of the other trait

Answer 19

Law of dominance

Question 20

Refers to an allele that mask the effect of a recessive allele paired with it (albinism)

Answer 20

Dominant (D)

Question 21

Refers to an allele with an effect that is masked by a dominant allele paired with it

Answer 21

Recessive (d)

Question 22

Homologous chromosomes separate during meiosis, separating the pairs of genes they carry

Answer 22

Law of segregation

Question 23

True or false: In law of segregation, each gamete carries only one of each gene pair

Answer 23

True

Question 24

True or false: all gametes of a homozygous parent have one potential allele to contribute a given trait

Answer 24

True

Question 25

Genes do not influence each other with regards to sorting alleles to the gametes/genes are sorted into gametes independently of each other during sexual reproduction

Answer 25

Law of independent assortment

Question 26

When a F2 generation with a heterozygous crossing with the heterozygous on a dihybrid cross it creates a ________ratio

Answer 26

9:3:3:1 ratio

Question 27

The interaction of genes that are not alleles, in particular the suppression of the effect of one gene by a different gene

Answer 27

Epistasis

Question 28

Inherits two different alleles for a trait; masking effect of recessive allele (brown and white calf)

Answer 28

Completely or fully dominant

Question 29

Two alleles both fully expressed simultaneously in heterozygous individuals (calf with brown and white coloring)

Answer 29

Codominance

Question 30

One allele isn't fully dominant over another; heterozygous phenotype is blending between two homozygous phenotypes (calf with a brown white mixture color over the entire coat/blended color)

Answer 30

Incompletely dominant

Question 31

Trait is controlled by multiple genes; continuous variation of eye color, height, etc.

Answer 31

Polygenic inheritance

Question 32

Genetic phenomenon where a single DNA variant influences multiple traits (mutations, PKU, sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, Marfan syndrome (long arms, fingers)

Answer 32

Pleiotropy

Question 33

One gene is affected by the expression of another gene via suppression

Answer 33

Epistasis

Question 34

What environmental effects can affect a phenotype

Answer 34

Diet, temperature, light cycles, 02 levels, humidity, presence of mutagens. (animals whose coats change color depending on temperature, acidity in which a plant grows, skin tone, Diet rich and beta-carotene, flamingo)

Question 35

Most common phenotype found in natural population of organisms; C+ marker; lizards and rabbits

Answer 35

Wild type

Question 36

All other phenotypes and genotypes that deviate from the wild type

Answer 36

Variants

Question 37

A, AB, B, O

Answer 37

Phenotypes (blood types)

Question 38

AA or AO, AB, BB or BO, OO

Answer 38

Genotypes

Question 39

AA or AO, AB, BB or BO, OO

Answer 39

Genotypes

Question 40

Antigen A =

Answer 40

A

Question 41

Antigen B=

Answer 41

B

Question 42

Both antigens =

Answer 42

AB

Question 43

No antigens=

Answer 43

O

Question 44

Multiple alleles=

Answer 44

ABO

Question 45

Codominance blood type

Answer 45

Type AB

Question 46

Additional blood type/antigen that can cause Rh* gene/factor

Answer 46

Rhesus Factor

Question 47

A chart showing the pattern of inheritance of a gene through generations in a family; or a graph that demonstrates an expression of a gene, trait or disorder

Answer 47

Pedigree

Question 48

Expressed in homozygotes (AA) and heterozygotes (Aa)

Answer 48

autosomal dominant

Question 49

Expressed only in homozygotes (aa)

Answer 49

Autosomal recessive

Question 50

Drastic premature aging

Answer 50

Progeria

Question 51

Achodroplasia

Answer 51

Dwarfism

Question 52

Neural system degeneration (progressive breakdown of nerve cells in the brain); happens later in life-40's)

Answer 52

Huntington's disease

Question 53

Absence of pigmentation

Answer 53

Albinism

Question 54

Mental impairment

Answer 54

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Question 55

Adverse plyotropic effects; abnormality in O2 carrying protein hemoglobin

Answer 55

Sickle cell anemia

Question 56

Alleles on the X chromosome are inherited and expressed differently in males and females

Answer 56

X- linked recessive disorders

Question 57

True or false: males cannot transmit a recessive x-linked allele to their sons

Answer 57

True

Question 58

True or false: mother's can pass the x-linked recessive alleles to their sons

Answer 58

True

Question 59

Inability to clot blood; x-linked recessive disorder

Answer 59

Hemophilia

Question 60

Inability to distinguish colors (red and green)

Answer 60

Color blindness

Question 61

Male with female traits

Answer 61

(AIS) androgen insensitivity syndrome (testosterone is affected)

Question 62

Variant of a gene or one of multiple versions of a DNA sequence at a specific location in a chromosome; One of the alternative forms of the same gene

Answer 62

Alleles

Question 63

Organisms complete set of genes; genetic makeup of an organism

Answer 63

Genotype

Question 64

Observable traits of an organism, including its physical, biochemical and behavioral characteristics; physical appearance of an organism

Answer 64

Phenotype

Question 65

To identical versions of the same gene; an organism with a pair of matching alleles that control a particular trait

Answer 65

Homozygous

Question 66

Two different versions of a gene or alleles, inherited from each parent; an organism with different alleles at corresponding g locations on homologous chromosomes

Answer 66

Heterozygous

Question 67

Grid used to show the genotypes of parents and their possible offspring

Answer 67

Punnett square

Question 68

The species Mendel study to learn about the laws of inheritance

Answer 68

Pea plant

Question 69

The results that statistically should appear in the offspring knowing the parental genotypes

Answer 69

Expected results

Question 70

A way to identify the genotype of an organism that demonstrates the dominant trait with a pattern of inheritance

Answer 70

Test cross

Question 71

A way to identify the genotype of an organism that demonstrates the dominant trait with a pattern of inheritance

Answer 71

Test cross

Question 72

The genotype results that actually appear in the offspring in a breeding

Answer 72

Observed results

Question 73

What is a carrier for a trait in sex linked inheritance

Answer 73

Possesses the gene for a trait but doesn't show trait themselves

Question 74

Exhibits characteristics; inherited mutated gene

Answer 74

Affected