Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Woman's Health > Menopause > Flashcards

Menopause Flashcards

1
Q

Menopause is defined as

A

the cessation of menses due to loss of ovarian activity, average age 51 in the US

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Postmenopausal =

A

12+ months after final menses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Perimenopausal/ transition =

A

4-6 years of cycle changes and other sx before total cessation of menses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Premature menopause =

A

ovarian failure before the age of 40

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Early menopause age =

A

40-45

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Surgical menopause =

A

cessation of menses due to BSO

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Menopause is a part of the normal …

A

aging process, is NOT a disease process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Menopause can be early in

A

smokers and in setting of malnutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Perimenopause:
Onset age =
Average length =
When does this begin?
What leads to pt’s having sx?

A

47
4-8 years
begins when the menstrual cycles begin to be irregular
erratic fluctuations of hormones lead to sx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Perimenopausal sx =

A

Vasomotor - hot flashes, night sweats, insomnia
Psych - depression, irritability, mood swings
Cognitive - concentration/ memory issues
Sexual - vaginal dryness/ dysparenia
Menstrual changes - longer/shorter cycles, irregular bleeding
other - urinary incontinence, dry itchy skin, wt gain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Physiology of Perimenopausal =

A

decrease synthesis of estrogens and progesterone
GnRH released at max - increasing androgens
testosterone production may continue for several more years after menopause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Types of estrogen:

A

Estrone (E1) = made after menopause
Estradiol (E2) = most common type of estrogen, most potent/ abundant during reproductive years
Estriol (E3) = main type of estrogen in a pregnant person’s bloodstream, prepares for childbirth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Consequences of estrogen loss

A

sx (early) - hot flashes, insomnia, irritability
Physical changes (intermediate) - vaginal atrophy, skin atrophy
Diseases (later) - osteoporosis, Coronary heart disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Menopausal Menstrual changes

A

Luteal insufficiency - follicles become less responsive to FSH
fewer oocytes available in early follicular phase - FSH levels increase further
Corpus Luteum doesn’t function as well and progesterone secretion is diminished - result heavier menses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Changes in menstrual cycle during menopause

A

shortened cycles - luteal phase stays the same at 14 days but the follicular phase shortens because there are higher rates of follicular maturity

anovulation - accelerated decline in responsive follicles, bleeding episodes eventually spread out and then stop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What causes the follicular phase to shorten during menopause

A

Higher FSH levels cause follicles to mature faster - ovulation occurs earlier (hence the overall cycle is shortened)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Vasomotor symptoms that occur with menopause

A

hot flashes and night sweats
present in 75% of women

18
Q

Hot flashes and night sweats are when

A

there is a sudden sensation of heat centered in face and chest that rapidly becomes generalized
can last 2-4 min - can have one or more per day
average duration is approx 5 years (but can continue for up to 10 after LMP)
can arouse from sleep leading to sleep disturbance

19
Q

What is the most common reason women seek medical attention during menopause?

A

vasomotor sx - can significantly impair quality of life

20
Q

VMS etiology

A

not fully understood
skin temps rise because of peripheral vasodilation followed by drop in core temp

21
Q

How to treat VMS

A

Exogenous estrogen widens thermo-regulatory zone so fewer sx

22
Q

Atrophic Vulvovaginitis is when

A

there is a gradual thinning of the genital mucosa
loss of vaginal rugae (folds)
decreased pliancy of the tissue, less flexible
Drier
pH becomes alkaline, change in microbiome

23
Q

Sexual changes with Atrophic Vulvovaginitis

A

dyspareunia
decreased lubrication with arousal
increased frequency of UTI/ candidal infection
lack of desire, longer arousal cycle

24
Q

Treatment of Atrophic Vulvovaginitis

A

personal lubricants and moisturizers, vaginal estradiol
encourage communication with partners, provide education

25
Q

Recurrent UTI - Genitourinary syndrome of menopause –> is dx when

A

> 2 culture confirmed UTI’s in 6 months or
3 in 12 months

26
Q

Women are at an increased risk when reached menopause

A

cardiovascular health - MI
bone health - osteoporosis
cognitive changes - depression, anxiety, sleep disturbance, brain fog
hair and skin changes - thinning of skin and hair, hirsutism

27
Q

Early and premature menopause is due to

A

ovarian dysfunction
ages 40-45 = early menopause
before age 40 = premature menopause

28
Q

treatment of early and premature menopause

A

unless contraindicated may want to use HRT until natural menopause age (51)

29
Q

Positive menopausal changes include

A

decreased issues with fibroids and endometriosis
end of menstrual migraines and PMS
no more need for contraceptives, no more menses and monthly hormonal cycles

30
Q

Treatment for menopausal sx

A

reassurance - this is a normal aging process
comfort measures - vaginal lubricants, natural products
VMS- estrogen/ progesterone - if contraindicated you can use SSRIs SNRIs clonidine

31
Q

Prolonged, heavy or frequent vaginal bleeding (peri-menopausal care) you should

A

transvaginal US +/- endometrial sampling to exclude hyperplasia/ neoplasia

32
Q

Why do you always have to give estrogen with progesterone

A

to prevent endometrial carcinoma
if the pt has had a hysterectomy - you can give estrogen by itself

33
Q

Special concerns for any vaginal bleeding after one year of amenorrhea

A

must be investigated
high suspicion for malignancy
endometrial polyps
endometrial hyperplasia

34
Q

If estrogen HRT is being used, patients may have

A

spotting

35
Q

Postmenopausal Care and Screening

A

Pap every 3-5 years
Mammogram
Osteoporosis/ Cardiovascular/ Colon cancer risk

36
Q

Pelvic organ prolapse is when

A

descent toward the vaginal introitus of some or all:
- anterior vaginal wall (cystocele)
- posterior vaginal wall (rectocele)
- uterus (enterocele)

37
Q

Pelvic organ prolapse develops _______ and _______ with age

A

gradually
increases

38
Q

Pelvic organ prolapse often seems to the pt to be

A

sudden and concern for a tumor

39
Q

Pelvic organ prolapse risk factors

A

obesity
chronic constipation
operative delivery
multiparity
chronic cough
heavy lifting for work

40
Q

Pelvic organ prolapse clinical presentation

A

smooth/striated appearing, pink bulging tissue at vaginal opening
Cystocele can make voiding difficult
Rectocele can impair bowl evacuation
Prolapse can feel heavy, cause dull backache - but does not cause severe pain

41
Q

Pelvic organ prolapse treatment

A

watchful waiting with reassurance if not bothersome
pelvic floor exercises
pessary
surgical repair (if uterus then hysterectomy)
Vaginal obliterative procedure in select pts

Woman's Health (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions