Menstruation

Question 1

Endometrial cycle

Answer 1

Proliferative (pre ovulatory)
Secretory (post ovulatory)
Menstruation

Question 2

Average cycle duration

Answer 2

25-35 days, average of 28 days

Question 3

Number of oocytes at birth

Answer 3

2 million

Question 4

Number of oocytes at puberty

Answer 4

400,000

Question 5

Number of oocytes depleted per month until age

Answer 5

1000

Question 6

Number of follicles released during female reproductive life

Answer 6

400

Question 7

Generates mature germ cells in response to hormonal control signals

Answer 7

Target organ

Question 8

Produces hormones that send signals to the hypothalamus, pituitary, and uterus

Answer 8

Endocrine gland

Question 9

1-14th day (ovarian cycle)

Answer 9

Follicular Phase

Question 10

Gonadotropin-independent recruitment of primordial follicles from their resting pool and growth to antral stage

Answer 10

Follicular Phase

Question 11

Recruitment of primordial follicles in follicular phase is controlled by:

Answer 11

Transforming growth factors (TGF-B):

• Growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF 9)
• Bone morphogenic protein 15 (BMP-15)

Question 12

Hormone needed for further development of antral follicles

Answer 12

FSH

Question 13

_ rise leading to follicle development

Answer 13

FSH

Question 14

Phase where estrogen levels rise parallel to the growth of the dominant follicle and increase number of granulosa cells

Answer 14

Follicular phase

Question 15

Effect of increased FSH receptors in granulosa cells of the dominant follicle

Answer 15

Increase ability of cytochrome P-450 aromatase to convert androstenedione to estradiol

Question 16

Hormone receptors that are present only on the theca cells

Answer 16

LH receptors

Question 17

Receptors only found on the granulose

Answer 17

FSH receptors

Question 18

Hormone that stimulates thecal cells to produce androgens

Answer 18

LH

Question 19

LH surge

Answer 19

Ovulation

Question 20

LH surge

Answer 20

Due to increasing estrogen production by preovulatory follicles
34-36 hrs prior to ovulation
Peaks 10-12 hrs before ovulation
Meiosis resumes and ovulation occurs

Question 21

14-28th day (ovarian cycle)

Answer 21

Luteal phase/ post ovulatory

Question 22

Corpus luteum formation

Answer 22

Luteinization (luteal phase)

Question 23

Develops from the remains of Graafian follicle

Maintained by pulses of LH from the anterior pituitary

Answer 23

Corpus luteum

Question 24

Phase wherein progesterone increases while estrogen decreases

Answer 24

Luteal phase/post ovulatory

Question 25

Corpus luteum regresses _ days after ovulation in the absence of pregnancy

Answer 25

9-11 days

Question 26

Highly responsive to estrogen and progesterone levels Cyclical shedding and regrowth of the glands, stroma, and blood vessels

Answer 26

Endometrium

Question 27

2 layers of endometrium

Answer 27

Stratum functionale Stratum basale

Question 28

Endometrial regrowth due to estradiol produced during follicular phase of ovarian cycle What phase

Answer 28

Proliferative phase/ pre ovulatory

Question 29

<2mm thick Glands: Narrow tubular straight with mitotic figures Blood vessels: Numerous, no leukocytes or extravascular blood present

Answer 29

Early proliferative endometrium

Question 30

Endometrium thickens Glandular hyperplasia, increased stromal ground substance Glands: Widely spread Loose stroma: prominent

Answer 30

Late proliferative endometrium

Question 31

Endometrial changes are due to progesterone effects

Answer 31

Early secretory endometrium

Question 32

First histological evidence of ovulation

Answer 32

Presence of subnuclear vacuoles (Day 17)

Question 33

Production of IL-8 and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) Presence of neutrophil infiltrates

Answer 33

Menstruation

Question 34

Causes increased cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) and decreased 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH)

Answer 34

Progesterone

Question 35

Ovarian cycle

Answer 35

Follicular (pre ovulatory) Ovulation Luteal (post ovulatory)