Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

FSC370 > Mental Health Disorders > Flashcards

Mental Health Disorders Flashcards

(104 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What do mental illnesses involve?

A

Clinically significant changes in emotion, thinking or behaviour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

According to a 2019 survey, 75% of respondents would be reluctant to disclose a mental illness to their coworker and were 3 times less likely to disclose a mental illness than a physical one. Outline the top 3 reasons for this reluctance.

A
  1. Belief that there is a stigma around mental illness
  2. Not wanting to be treated differently or judged
  3. Being afraid of negative consequences (i.e., losing job)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM V)?

A

Diagnostic tool published by American Psychiatric Association. Useful for having an accurate description of a disorder.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 3 general approaches to identifying the neurochemical basis for a mental health disorder?

A
  1. Study neurochemical correlates of animal and human models of the disorder
  2. Consider neuronal mechanisms of effective drug treatment
  3. Measure neurotransmitters in patient populations
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In what ways can neurotransmitters in patient populations be measured?

A

CSF, brain scans, post-mortem brain tissue analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is schizophrenia and how common is it?

A

A chronic condition occurring in 1-1.5% of the global population.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When do symptoms of schizophrenia start?

A

Often begin in late adolescence and early adulthood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why might schizophrenia be categorized as a thought disorder?

A

Lack of reasoning
Illogical thinking
Failure to recognize reality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the two categories for describing symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Positive and negative

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Give examples of positive symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Hallucinations
Delusions
Disorganized speech
Unusual ways of thinking
Bizarre behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How do positive symptoms of schizophrenia respond to drug treatment?

A

Well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Give examples of negative symptoms of schizophrenia

A

Reduced speech
Flat affect
Loss of motivation
Social withdrawal
Apathy and anhedonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How do negative symptoms of schizophrenia respond to drug treatment?

A

Do not respond well

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does the DSM V define schizophrenia?

A

Characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech and behaviour, and other symptoms that cause social or occupational dysfunction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

According to the DSM V, what criteria must be met for an individual to be diagnosed with schizophrenia?

A

Symptoms must have been present for six months and include at least one month of active symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Differentiate between the role of positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia in its diagnosis.

A

Positive symptoms often lead to proper diagnosis.
Negative symptoms may be harder to diagnose and share similarities to other disorders.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the drugs used in treatment of schizophrenia referred to as?

A

Neuroleptics
Antipsychotics
Major tranquilizers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When was the first drug treatment for schizophrenia discovered?

A

1952

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What was the first drug discovered to be effective for some individuals with schizophrenia?

A

Chlorpromazine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Describe the discovery of chlorpromazine for treatment of schizophrenia.

A

First used as a pre-anasthetic prior to surgery.
Noticed it induced calmness without sedation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia?

A

Excess DA function results in positive symptoms of schizophrenia.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How does chlorpromazine relate to dopamine?

A

Acts as agonist at dopamine, specifically at D2 receptors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How do amphetamine type drugs relate to dopamine?

A

Induce psychotic reactions in healthy individuals that could be reverse by dopamine agonists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What needs to happen in order for animal models of schizophrenia to be useful in developing treatments?

A

Results from animal model must translate into results in the patient with schizophrenia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Describe the animal model example of pre-pulse inhibition
Used as model of sensory gating based on evidence that schizophrenic individuals fail to filter sensory stimuli. May lead to sensory overload and fragmented thinking. Procedure used in animals is the same as humans.
26
What are the two types of neuroleptics?
Typical (first generation) Atypical (second generation)
27
How do typical neuroleptics work?
Act on dopamine receptors
28
Give examples of typical neuroleptics
Chlorpromazine, haloperidol
29
How do atypical neuroleptics work?
Act on dopamine and serotonin receptors - have some antidepressant effects
30
Give examples of atypical neuroleptics
Clozapine, risperidone, quetiapine, olanzapine
31
Are typical or atypical neuroleptics more likely to produce extrapyramidal effects?
Typical
32
What are some extrapyramidal side effects of neuroleptics?
Parkinsonism and tardive dyskinesia
33
What is tardive dyskinesia?
Stereotypes involuntary movements (e.g., lip smacking, fly catching movements of tongue or movements of arms and legs)
34
What is the rule of thirds for neuroleptics?
1. One third show excellent improvement with meds 2. One third show some improvement but may still require further hospital admissions 3. One third will be resistant to drug treatment, require significant time in hospitals
35
Describe the inquest of Ashley Smith
Mental health issues Transferred around Choked to death in cell while guards watched and died Some argue should also look back to when she was in another institution and restrained and received forcible injections of unnecessary drugs
36
What are the three categories that the DSM V divides anxiety disorders into?
1. Anxiety disorders 2. OCD 3. Traumatic related disorders
37
Give 4 examples of anxiety disorders.
1. GAD 2. Social anxiety disorder 3. Panic disorder 4. Phobias
38
What is generalized anxiety categorized by?
Constant excessive worry about daily life events and activities
39
What is social anxiety?
Extreme fear of being evaluated/criticized by others
40
What is the estimated lifetime prevalence of social anxiety?
12%
41
What is a panic attack?
A sudden rush of intense fear or discomfort, which includes at least 4 of the possible symptoms.
42
List some of the symptoms of a panic attack.
Racing heart Sweating Shaking or trembling Shortness of breath or feelings of being smothered Feeling of choking Chest pain or discomfort Nausea or upset stomach Dizziness or lightheadedness Fear of dying
43
How do panic attacks relate to panic disorders?
Panic attacks are unexpected and unpredictable. Having a panic attack DOES NOT mean you have panic disorder.
44
What is the role of GABA in anxiety?
GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that modulates anxiety.
45
What is gaba-induced inhibition important for?
Controlling excitability of local circuit and regulates the amygdala
46
What is the amygdala?
Forms part of the limbic system and plays an important role in the processing of emotions
47
Give examples of disorders that are suspected of being linked to abnormal amygdala functioning
Anxiety Autism Depression PTSD Phobias
48
What are drugs used to treat anxiety known as?
Anxiolytics
49
What are the 3 major types of anxiolytics?
1. Barbiturates 2. Benzodiazepines 3. 2nd generation anxiolytics
50
What are benzodiazepines?
Clinically useful GABA modulators
51
What was discovered when BDZ binding site was mapped in 1977?
Widely distributed on many GABA receptors
52
What was the first benzodiazepine used?
Chlordiazepoxide
53
What did chlordiazepoxide represent?
First true anxiolytic that targeted anxiety without producing excessive sedation.
54
What are some benefits of chlordiazepoxide?
Low incidence of metabolic tolerance Very safe therapeutic incidence Less severe withdrawal syndrome
55
What are benzodiazepines useful for in addition to treatment of anxiety disorders?
Useful for presurgical administration when patient will be conscious during the procedure.
56
What is a newer BDZ used for rapid relaxation during brief surgical procedures?
Midazolam
57
What is produced when taking BDZs?
Anterograde amnesia
58
Why is anterograde amnesia an undesirable side effect, use a forensic example.
Cases where a BDZ has been used to facilitate an SA can result in poor recollection Delay in reporting the incident, reducing chance of potential forensic evidence during testing Creates reliability issues later
59
What is anterograde amnesia?
Inability to form new memories
60
What is buspirone?
2nd gen anxiolytic
61
Who is busiprone useful for?
People who also have clinical depression
62
What are benefits of buspirone?
Little abuse potential No reported dependence issues
63
What anxiety disorders is buspirone effective in treating?
GAD, less effective in others
64
What receptors foes buspirone act on?
5-HT
65
How are anxiety and depression related?
Strong linke between anxiety and clinical depression. Comorbidity study showed 55% of people with depression also have anxiety disorder
66
What are the two principle types of affective disorders?
1. Major depression 2. Bipolar disorder
67
What are affective disorders characterized by?
Extreme and inappropriate exaggeration of mood or affect
68
Differentiate between mood and affect.
Mood = an individual's emotional state Affect = Expression of such emotions
69
Differentiate between reactive and pathological depression.
Reactive - state of sadness that occurs in response to situations Pathological - resemble emotional state of reactive but significantly differs in intensity and duration
70
What was the first theory for the chemical basis of affective disorders?
Monoamine hypothesis
71
What led to the monoamine hypothesis?
Observed that the drug reserpine (treats high blood pressure) had depression as a side-effect in a significant number of patients Reserpine prevents packaging of neurotransmitters into vesicles in the neurons and leads to a reduction in monoamines (DA, NE, 5-HT)
72
What is the supporting evidence for the monoamine hypothesis?
Two main categories of antidepressant drugs, Monoamine oxidize inhibitors (MAOIs) nd tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) both increase the function of 5-HT and/or NE.
73
What are the drug categories for the treatment of depression?
MAOIs TCAs SSRIs Atypical antidepressants
74
How do MAOIs work?
Prevent the enzyme monoamine oxidase from removing the monoamine neurotransmitters from the CNS. Makes more of these neurotransmitters available to effect changes in cells and circuits impacted by depression.
75
What diet restrictions are imposed on those using MAOIs?
No foods containing high levels of tyramine e.g., cheese, sauerkraut, cured meats, draft beer, fermented soy products
76
Why can't those on MAOIs eat foods containing high levels of tyramine?
Interaction can cause significantly high blood pressure
77
Give examples of MAOIs
Isocarboxazid Phenelzine Selegiline
78
How do TCAs work?
Block reuptake of the neurotransmitters 5-HT and NE increasing their levels in the CNS
79
Do TCAs exclusively effect NE and 5-HT?
No. Also block histamine receptors which contributes to some of their side effects (e.g., sedation)
80
Give examples of TCAs.
Amitriptyline Desipramine Imipramine Nortriptyline Protriptyline Trimipramine
81
Give examples of SSRIs
Fluoxetine Paroxetine Sertraline
82
Give examples of atypical antidepressants.
Bupropion Mirtazapine Duloxetine
83
How does bupropion work?
Selectively inhibits dopamine and noradrenaline re-uptake. Also stimulates the release of noradrenaline and dopamine from the presynaptic neuron
84
How does mirtazapine differ from other antidepressants?
Does not inhibit reuptake of 5-HT, DA or NE and doesn't act via MAO.
85
Where is mirtazapine an antagonist
Alpha^2, 5HT^2 and 5HT^3 receptors
86
How does duloxetine work?
Inhibits the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine (NE) and also increases dopamine in some brain areas
87
Besides depression, what else can be treated with duloxetine?
GAD
88
What is the most effective drug category in treating depression?
Double blind placebo controlled trials show no type of drug category is more effective in treating depression. No way to predict individual responses
89
Why can't we predict individual responses to antidepressants?
We understand how each drug works at the neurochemical level but clinical effects must be more complicated and depend on compensatory changes.
90
How long might it take for antidrepressants to work?
1-2 weeks for significant symptom changes 4-6 weeks for max effectiveness to be reached.
91
What has been shown about ketamine?
IV administration at sub-anaesthetic doses can produce a rapid reduction in depression symptoms
92
What are symptoms of bipolar disorder?
Moods alternate from mania to depression
93
What is mania?
During periods of mania individuals feel faultless, full of fun, bursting with energy and ideas. Can make impulsive decisions and may become involved in activities with negative consequences.
94
What are drugs used to treat mania referred to as?
Mood stabilizers
95
Give examples of drugs used to treat mania.
Lithium Valproic acid Carbamazepine
96
What is the most effective medication for patients with bipolar disorder?
Lithium carbonate
97
Describe the effects of lithium
No effect on healthy individuals Eliminates or reduces manic episodes without causing depression or sedation Particularly effective in reducing suicide
98
How does lithium work?
Enhances 5-HT interactions: Elevates brain tryptophan, 5-HT and 5-HIAA (5HT metabolite) and increases 5-HT release Reduces catecholamine activity by enhancing reuptake and reducing release
99
How does valproate work?
Increases GABA levels and affects DA and glutamate neurotransmission
100
What s carbamazepine?
An anticonvulsant that resembles TCAs and inhibits NE reuptake
101
Compare lithium and carbamazepine.
Similar time course and extent of effectiveness Different side effects.
102
Give examples of brain areas that are affected by both substance use disorders and mental illnesses.
Circuits that mediate reward, decision making, impulse control, emotions
103
Give examples of neurotransmitter systems that have been implicated in both substance use disorders and other mental disorders.
DA, 5-HT, glutamate, GABA, norepinephrine
104

FSC370 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions