Mental health test 1

Question 1

A _____________ is a group of people and institutions that share geographic, civic, and/or social parameters.

Answer 1

community

Question 2

primary prevention

Answer 2

Prevention of initial occurrence of disease or injury; examples: family planning education, providing immunizations.

Question 3

tertiary prevention

Answer 3

Maximization of recovery after an injury or illness (rehabilitation); examples: exercise programming for a patient with hypertension, case management for a client with a chronic illness.

Question 4

SECONDARY PREVENTION

Answer 4

Early detection and treatment of disease with the goal of limiting severity and adverse effects; examples: screening for breast cancer, screening for hypertension

Question 5

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), _____________ is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not just the absence of disease or infirmity.

Answer 5

health

Question 6

True or False: The difference between a community and a population is that a population is made up of people who do not necessarily interact with one another and do not necessarily share a sense of belonging to that group.

Answer 6

True

Question 7

health indicators

Answer 7

describes the health status of a community and serve as targets for the improvement of a community’s health? Examples include mortality rates, disease prevalence, and levels of tobacco use.

Question 8

population health

Answer 8

Uses an outcome-driven approach to “manage” health for a specific group of individuals. Interventions involve the tracking and measurement of “health status indicators” (e.g., high blood pressure) within these groups.

Question 9

public health

Answer 9

Promotes and protects the health of people and the communities where they live, learn, work and play. Goal is to prevent people from getting sick or injured in the first place.

Question 10

community health

Answer 10

Rooted in the collective efforts of individuals and organizations who work to promote health within a geographically or culturally defined group.

Question 11

policy development

Answer 11

Mobilize community partnerships to identify and solve health problems. Develop policies and plans that support individual and community health efforts.

Question 12

assurance

Answer 12

Enforce laws and regulations that protect health and insure safety. Assure a competent public health and personal health care work force.

Question 13

assessment

Answer 13

Monitor health status to identify and solve community health problems. Diagnose and investigate health problems and health hazards in the community.

Question 14

three core functions of public health

Answer 14

assessment, assurance, and policy development

Question 15

A ________________ may be defined geographically, such as all the people occupying an area, or it may be defined by common qualities or characteristics. It is made up of individuals who do not necessarily interact with one another and do not necessarily share a sense of belonging to that group.

Answer 15

population

Question 16

geographic community

Answer 16

defined by its boundaries. examples include: city, town, neighborhood

Question 17

common-interest community

Answer 17

identified by common goal. example includes: members of a church or families who have lost someone to suicide

Question 18

community of solution

Answer 18

a group of people who come together to solve a problem that affects all of them. example: group of county agencies

Question 19

Formative Evaluation

Answer 19

focuses of the process during the actual intervention

Question 20

Summative Evaluation

Answer 20

focuses on the outcome of the intervention

Question 21

Normal line of defense (health)

Answer 21

level of health the community has reached over time

Question 22

Flexible line of defense (buffer zone)

Answer 22

represents a dynamic level of health resulting from a temporary response to stressors

Question 23

Lines of resistance (strengths)

Answer 23

Internal mechanisms that act to defend against stressors

Question 24

stressors

Answer 24

tension producing stimuli that have the potential of causing disequilibrium in the system

Question 25

participant observation

Answer 25

Observation of formal or informal community activities; strengths include identification of power structures, limitations include inability to ask questions of participants

Question 26

focus groups

Answer 26

Directed talk with a representative sample; strengths include that it provides insight into community supports, limitations are that it is time-consuming to transcribe the discussions

Question 27

surveys

Answer 27

Specific questions asked in a written format; strengths include contact with participants is not required, limitations include low response rate and requires reading/writing by participants

Question 28

community forum

Answer 28

Open public meeting; strengths include minimal cost, limitations include potential to drift from the issue and may be challenging to get adequate participation

Question 29

health disparity

Answer 29

Difference in the health status (e.g., presence of disease, health outcomes, rates of chronic disease, access to health care) between population groups

Question 30

health inequities

Answer 30

Differences in health that are not only unnecessary and avoidable, but, in addition, are considered unfair and unjust (e.g., power, wealth) Rooted in social injustices that make some population groups more vulnerable to poor health than other groups

Question 31

A nurse is preparing to conduct a windshield survey. What are some examples of data the nurse should collect as a component of this assessment?

Answer 31

Presence of acceptable quality housing, Location of health services, Availability of public transportation

Question 32

Male babies are generally born at a heavier birth weight than female babies. is this a health disparity or health inequity?

Answer 32

health disparity

Question 33

Babies born to Black women are more likely to die in their first year of life than babies born to White women. is this a health disparity or health inequity?

Answer 33

health inequity

Question 34

windshield survey

Answer 34

Descriptive approach that assesses several community components by driving through a community

Question 35

windshield survey components

Answer 35

place, people, housing, social systems

Question 36

pender's health promotion model

Answer 36

First published in the 1980s by Nola Pender | Envisioned as a framework for exploring health-related behaviors within a nursing and behavioral science context

Question 37

Pender's model says that behaviors are determined by

Answer 37

The model posits that health promotion behaviors are determined by individual characteristics and experiences, behavior-specific cognitions and affect, and behavioral outcomes

Question 38

The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) or Stages of Change Model

Answer 38

developed by Prochaska and DiClemente in 1983 from the initial studies of smoking cessation. This model acknowledges that people differ in their readiness to adopt new behaviors.

Question 39

Which of the following represents the correct order of the stages in The Transtheoretical Model (TTM) or Stages of Change Model

Answer 39

Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, Maintenance, Termination

Question 40

health promotion behavior

Answer 40

Behavior motivated by the person's desire to increase well-being and health potential; it is not disease-specific

Question 41

health promotion

Answer 41

The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve, their health; the science and art of helping people change their lifestyle to move toward a state of optimal health

Question 42

health promotion interventions

Answer 42

Lifestyle change can be facilitated through a combination of efforts to enhance awareness, change behavior, and create environments that support good health practices

Question 43

disease prevention

Answer 43

Behavior motivated by a desire to avoid disease, detect it early, or maintain functioning within the constraints of illness or disability

Question 44

specificity

Answer 44

The ability of the screening test to give a negative finding when the person truly does not have the disease, or true negative

Question 45

validity

Answer 45

The degree to which the instrument measures what it is supposed to measure

Question 46

sensitivity

Answer 46

The ability of the screening test to give a positive finding when the person truly has the disease, or true positive

Question 47

reliability

Answer 47

The ability of the instrument to give consistent results on repeated trials

Question 48

ecological model

Answer 48

provides a broader view of community health promotion and incorporates an upstream approach. can be used as a guide to examine the determinants of health for a population, and for targeting interventions to multiple factors that affect health.

Question 49

example of downstream approach for fixing obesity problems

Answer 49

health provider focuses primarily on individual health teaching based on nutritional patterns, portions, and choices without taking into consideration environmental factors

Question 50

example of upstream approach to fixing obesity

Answer 50

interventions focused on agriculture subsidies, transportation policies, and urban zoning interventions restricting television advertising of food to children, creating national nutrition standards for meals served in childcare settings, or working with the private sector to introduce healthier options in restaurants and local markets

Question 51

Host

Answer 51

worker characteristics: job experience, age, pregnancy

Question 52

agent (occupational health)

Answer 52

biological, chemical, physical, mechanical, psychological agents that can lead to illness or injury

Question 53

environment (occupational health)

Answer 53

psychological (addictions, stress), social (sanitation), physical (heat, pollution)

Question 54

home health skilled nursing services

Answer 54

``` Skilled assessment Wound care Laboratory draws Medication education and administration Parenteral nutrition IV fluids and medication Central line care Urinary catheter insertion and maintenance Coordination, delegation and supervision of various other participants in home health services ```

Question 55

Teaching good nutrition and knowledge of health hazards Providing information on immunizations Teaching use of protective equipment Example: Teaching health promotion practices such as hand hygiene and tooth brushing

Answer 55

primary prevention

Question 56

Identifying workplace hazards Early detection through health surveillance and screening Prompt treatment, counseling and referral Prevention of further limitations Example: Perform screening for early detection of disease and initiate referrals as appropriate such as vision and hearing, height and weight, and scoliosis

Answer 56

secondary prevention

Question 57

Restoration of health through rehabilitation strategies and limited-duty programs Example: Providing nursing care for children who have chronic disorders, including asthma, diabetes mellitus, and cystic fibrosis

Answer 57

tertiary prevention

Question 58

characteristics of healthy families

Answer 58

Members communicate well and listen to each other There is affirmation and support for all members Members teach respect for others There is a sense of trust Members play and share humor together Members interact with one another Members participate in leisure activities together Members share a spiritual foundation Privacy of individuals is respected There is a shared sense of responsibility There are traditions and rituals Members seek help for their problems

Question 59

Providing health care services to clients where they reside

Answer 59

home health

Question 60

A comprehensive care delivery system for clients who are terminally ill

Answer 60

hospice

Question 61

Working with individuals, families, and faith communities who share common faith traditions

Answer 61

faith/parish nursing

Question 62

Combines nursing knowledge with knowledge of the criminal justice system, and epidemiological knowledge about findings of intentional injury with safety being the primary principle

Answer 62

forensic nursing

Question 63

Health care in the workplace that seeks to both promote health and prevent occupational illness and injury

Answer 63

occupational health

Question 64

Encompasses many roles including that of case manager, counselor, direct caregiver and health educator

Answer 64

school nursing

Question 65

discharge planning

Answer 65

Begins at admission An essential component of the continuum of care An ongoing assessment that anticipates the future needs of the client Requires ongoing communication between the client, nurse, providers, family, and other members of the interprofessional team

Question 66

goal of discharge planning

Answer 66

Goal of discharge planning is to enhance the well-being of the client by establishing appropriate options for meeting the health care needs of the client

Question 67

case manager

Answer 67

Uses the nursing process to help the client obtain important services and to treat their condition

Question 68

activities of a case manager

Answer 68

Advocating for quality services and client rights, Applying evidence-based protocols and pathways, Promoting interprofessional services and increased client/family involvement, Providing education to optimize health participation, coordinating care among providers, nursing staff, physical and occupational therapists, rehabilitations facilities, home health care, and community resources

Question 69

five fundamental steps of evidence-based practice

Answer 69

Step 1: Assessment of the Problem - Formulating a well-built question Step 2: Literature Review - Identifying articles and other evidence-based resources that answer the question Step 3: Critical Appraisal - Critically appraising the evidence to assess its validity Step 4: Apply the evidence Step 5: Evaluation and Revision- Re-evaluating the application of evidence and areas for improvement

Question 70

PICO

Answer 70

``` effective method to accomplish step 1: assessment of the problem P = Population/Patient/Problem I = Intervention C = Comparison/Control O = Outcome/Effects ```

Question 71

True or false: The strength and quality of evidence are judged by the amount of control that was built into the research study and described as levels of evidence descending from Level 1 (the weakest) to Level 7 (the strongest)

Answer 71

false

Question 72

Nursing that combines patient preferences with best practices that have been validated by evidence based research and clinical expertise to formulate the plan of care for clients is called:

Answer 72

evidence based practice