Meredith's Section Flashcards
(33 cards)
Melbourne Graduate Attributes: Active Citizenship
High regard for human rights, social inclusion, ethics and the environment; awareness of the social and cultural diversity in communities; understanding of and deep respect for Indigenous knowledge, culture and values.
Melbourne Graduate Attributes
- Academic Distinction
- Active Citizenship
- Integrity and Self-Awareness
Melbourne Graduate Attributes: Integrity and Self-awareness
Self-aware and reflective, with skills in self-assessment, and place great important on their personal and professional integrity.
The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) 4 Guiding Ethical Principles:
- Research merit and integrity
- Justice
- Beneficence
- Respect
The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) 4 Guiding Principles: Respect
Recognition that each human being has value, and that this value must inform all interaction between people.
Includes recognising the value of “human autonomy” (i.e. the capacity to determine one’s own life and make one’s own decision)
⭐️Respect for human beings is the common thread through all discussions of ethical values
The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) 4 Guiding Principles: Research Merit and Integrity
Unless proposed research has MERIT, and the researchers who are to carry out the research have INTEGRITY, the involvement of human participants in the research cannot be ethically justifiable.
The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) 4 Guiding Principles: Justice
Involves a regard for the human sameness that each person shares with every.
It includes:
- Distributive justice: in research is expressed in the fair distribution of the benefits and burdens of research
- Procedural justice: is expressed in ‘fair treatment’ in the recruitment of participants and the review of research
⭐️While benefit to the humankind is an important result of research, it also matters that benefits of research are achieved through just means, are distributed fairly, and involve no unjust burdens ⬅️ MEANS = IMPORTANT
The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) 4 Guiding Principles: Beneficence
Assessing and taking account of the risks of harm and the potential benefits of research to participants and to the wider society.
Approaches to Ethics: Deontological (duty-based) ethics
⭐️Concerned with the reasons for why people decide to act in certain ways, rather than with the consequences of their actions
It’s a rational and upfront approach to what is good and bad.
⭐️Some acts are right or wrong in principle, so we have a duty to act accordingly, regardless of the consequences
- The ends do not justify the means
- It’s never justifiable to use another being as a means to an end; treat people how you’d like to be treated
Approaches to Ethics: Consequentialism - Utilitarianism
⭐️Ethical decision based on the consequences, rather than in the value of the actions themselves.
-Not so much a focus on the means, all is good when the outcome is good irrespective of how you get there
When faced with a moral dilemma:
- One should choose the action that maximises good consequences
- One should live so as to maximise good consequences
Utilitarianism: people should maximise human wellbeing. “The greatest good for the greatest number of people”
Trolley Dilemmas
They argue that different responses to impersonal and personal forms of the trolley dilemma implicate a role for both unconscious emotional responses and reasoning in moral decision making.
Conclusion: Moral reasoning is not always rational and can be inconsistent. ⬅️ Questions Kohlberg’s stage theory of moral development
⭐️We now emphasise the role of emotional processes, unconscious biases, and the malleability if ethical reasoning and behaviour
The APS Code of Ethics: 3 Guiding Principles
A. Respect
B. Propriety
C. Integrity
The APS Code of Ethics: General Principle A: Respect for the rights and dignity of people and peoples
-Must acknowledge the legal and moral rights of individuals, their dignity and right to participate in decisions affective their lives (autonomy)
⬆️consent
-Recognise importance of people’s privacy and confidentiality
-Maintain a high regard for the diversity and uniqueness of people ⬅️ cultural sensitivity
-Acknowledge people’s right to be treated fairly without discrimination/favouritism
The APS Code of Ethics: General Principle B: Propriety
- Must practice within the limits of their competence (know when to refer on)
- Undertake continuing professional development; take steps to remain competent (lifelong learner)
- Provide services that are beneficial to people and do not harm them
- Put welfare of clients above their own self-interest
The APS Code of Ethics: General Principle C: Integrity
- Be honest and objective in professional dealings
- Committed to the best interests of client
- Identify and avoid potential conflicts of interest
- Refrain from exploiting clients
- Aware of own biases, limits to their objectivity, and importance of maintaining proper boundaries with clients (self-reflection)
APS Ethical Decision Making Model
⭐️Deontological approach (rule-based)
- Recognise there is an ethical issue present
- Clarify the ethical issues
- Generate and examine the available courses of action (⬅️premeditative: what are the possible courses of actions and outcomes?)
- Choose and implement the most preferred option
- Reflect on and review the process
APS Ethical Decision Making Model:
1. Recognise that there is an ethical issue present
⭐️Learn to recognise potential ethical problems: “Is something NQR?” “Would I be comfortable if my colleagues knew about this situation?”
⭐️Determine whether the problem is an ethical one that is your responsibility: Has info come from a reliable source? Is the problem a shared responsibility?
APS Ethical Decision Making Model:
2. Clarify the ethical issues
⭐️Identify the ethical principles involved: Respect for the rights and dignity of all people and peoples, Propriety, Integrity
-Are there any competing ethical principles? Which is the overriding principle?
-How can more time be claimed to make the best decision?
⭐️Evaluate the rights, responsibilities and vulnerabilities of all affected parties
APS Ethical Decision Making Model:
3. Generate and examine available course of action
supervisor, etc.
- Pause to consider all factors that might influence the decision you will make including level of competence or any social/cultural factors
- Consult a trusted colleague,
APA Ethical Decision Making Model:
4. Choose and implement the most preferred option
-Document the issue and how you decided on the course of action including: any communication with colleagues, reference to ethics resources
APS Ethical Decision Making Model:
5. Reflect on and review the process
- Could I have prevented the issue from developing?
- Am I satisfied with what I chose to do?
- Could anything at all have been done differently?
Melbourne Graduate Attributes: Academic Distinction
In-depth knowledge of specialist discipline; bring research and inquiry skills to challenges in workplaces and communities; able to critically evaluate alternative possibilities and viewpoints
Behavioural Ethics (Bazerman and Gino)
The study of the:
- Psychological, situational and social forces that influence ethical behaviour
- Systematic ways in which humans depart from intuitive ethical expectations and the goals of the broader society
Role of Behavioural Ethicists
- Understand the antecedents and consequences of both ethical and unethical actions
- Identify factors at both the individual and institutional level to change ethically questionable behaviour
- Develop interventions to improve ethical decision making
