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M2 Midterm > Mesopotamia History (Part 1) > Flashcards

Mesopotamia History (Part 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the fertile crescent located?

A

Southwest Asia

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2
Q

What is there on the west side of the fertile crescent?

A

Coast of Mediterranean

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3
Q

What is there on the east side of the fertile crescent?

A

The course of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

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4
Q

Where do the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers merge?

A

Persian gulf

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5
Q

Where is the Persian Gulf located on the present map?

A

Mostly in the country of Iraq

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6
Q

What is another word for Mesopotamia?

A

Land between rivers

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7
Q

What did the Mesopotamians call the Tigris river?

A

Swift river

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8
Q

Why did the Mesopotamians call the Tigris river the swift river?

A

Because the water flowed fast

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9
Q

What was the difference between the Tigris and Euphrates river?

A

The Euphrates river flowed more slower

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10
Q

What happened when the Euphrates river changed course?

A

Riverside settlements without water

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11
Q

What was the disadvantage of the unpredictability of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers?

A

May lead to disaster of crops

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12
Q

What was the advantage of the Tigris/Euphrates rivers?

A

Floodwaters deposited silt

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13
Q

What is silt?

A

Fertile soil

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14
Q

What was silt excellent for?

A

Agriculture

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15
Q

When did farming begin in the fertile crescent?

A

9800 B.C

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16
Q

What were the disadvantages of farming in Mesopotamia?

A

Flooding, hot summer, and unreliable rainfall

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17
Q

What did the Mesopotamians use to control the water supply?

A

Irrigation, water fields

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18
Q

What were water fields made from?

A

Human-made systems

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19
Q

Why did farmers of Mesopotamia store rainwater?

A

For later use

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20
Q

Why did farmers of Mesopotamia build walls from mounds of earth?

A

Hold back floodwaters

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21
Q

What technology that Mesopotamians created to break up the hard-baked summer soil and prepared large areas of plants called?

A

Ox-driven plow

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22
Q

What was the result of plentiful food in Mesopotamia?

A

Develop art, architecture, and technology

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23
Q

What fed the growing population of Mesopotamia?

A

Ample food

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24
Q

Where do the Tigris and Euphrates river have their source?

A

Mountains of Asia Minor (Present day Turkey)

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25
Q

What was one of the reasons for why the Tigris and Euphrates rivers flooded?

A

Melted snow and rain

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26
Q

Why did people in the fertile crescent build walls around their cities?

A

To protect themselves from enemies

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27
Q

What happened in 3500 B.C. in Mesopotamia?

A

First civilization in Sumer

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28
Q

How many city-states did Sumer have?

A

12

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29
Q

What is a city-state?

A

Self-governing unit

30
Q

Why did city-states develop?

A

When villages united to build major irrigation projects

31
Q

Where were city-states built in Sumer?

A

On Tigris and Euphrates rivers, near the Persian Gulf

32
Q

What were the one-story houses in Sumer made from?

A

Mud

33
Q

Why were city-states built near the Persian gulf?

A

Developed fishing and trade

34
Q

Why were frequent wars fought between city-states in Sumer?

A

To protect fertile land, limited natural resources, and profitable trade routes

35
Q

What did Sumer lack?

A

Important natural resources such as Tin and copper

36
Q

How did Sumer acquire Tin and Copper?

A

Through trade

37
Q

Tin + Copper = ?

A

Bronze

38
Q

What did Sumerians use bronze for?

A

Tools and weapons

39
Q

What was the age in 3000 B.C. called?

A

Bronze age

40
Q

Why was 3000 B.C. called the Bronze Age?

A

Importance of bronze

41
Q

What did surplus food lead to in Sumer (by people)?

A

Growth in population

42
Q

Why were new governments established in Sumer?

A

To manage many people

43
Q

What was the role of the king in Sumer?

A

Provide strong leadership

44
Q

What was the role of the administrators in Sumer?

A

Supervised taxes and kept order

45
Q

Why could Sumerians afford to support government administrators?

A

Wealth from agricultural surpluses

46
Q

How was the Sumerian society organized?

A

Class

47
Q

What was the order of the class in the Sumerian society?

A

(High) –> (Low)
Kings -> Priests -> Administrators -> Artisans/scribes/Merchants -> Farmers -> Slaves

48
Q

What would your job be in the Sumerian class society?

A

Family job = Your job

49
Q

How was the Sumerian class society organized?

A

Skilled and unskilled labor

50
Q

What type of religion were Sumerians in?

A

Polytheism (many gods)

51
Q

Why did Sumerians believe in gods?

A

Sumerians lived depending on natural forces

52
Q

What did Sumerians believe about humans and gods?

A

Gods created humans to serve them

53
Q

What did Sumerians do to keep the gods happy?

A

Priests tried to please them

54
Q

Who and where did Sumerians pay the temple tax?

A

Offered to gods in public rituals

55
Q

Why did Sumerians observe natural events?

A

To develop a calendar, astronomy, and mathematics

56
Q

What did people from Mesopotamia use to study mathematics and science?

A

Abacus

57
Q

What did mathematics lead people from Mesopotamia to be able to do?

A

Create complex/large buildings

58
Q

What did people from Mesopotamia use to keep track of time?

A

Devised number systems based on 60

59
Q

What two writing did Sumerians develop that is passed on today?

A

Pictograph and Cuneiform writing

60
Q

Why did Sumerian priests carry food to the temples?

A

Secure god’s favor for another day

61
Q

What were the most important religious centers in Sumer?

A

City-states

62
Q

What is a ziggurat shaped like?

A

A pyramid

63
Q

What was the most important building within a city-state called?

A

Ziggurat

64
Q

What does Ziggurat mean?

A

Mountaintop

65
Q

What did Sumerians create to demonstrate their devotion to the gods?

A

Votive statues

66
Q

Why did Sumerians create Votive statues?

A

Demonstrate their devotion to the gods

67
Q

Where did Sumerians believe that gods lived?

A

On the top of the ziggurat

68
Q

What were priests responsible for in the Ziggurat?

A

Conducting religious practices

69
Q

Where was the statue representing the deity placed?

A

Adytum or holy place

70
Q

Why was a meal placed near the statue in the adytum?

A

Gods would eat the meal

71
Q

What did priests use to perform purification or cleansing?

A

Holy water

M2 Midterm (7 decks)

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