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Met 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

In Met what is measured in %

A

Relative Humidity

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2
Q

What is the unit of dew point

A

Degrees C

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3
Q

What unit measures cloud coverage

A

Oktas

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4
Q

What direction would aircraft prefer the wind to be blowing in take off and landing

A

Head on

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5
Q

What are the consequences of a strong tail wind when landing

A

Pilot may struggle to land or otherwise divert

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6
Q

For commercial flight operations where is the choke point for low vis fog ops

A

On the ground, hence air ops have to slow to account for slower ground movements

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7
Q

What happens to engine performance in high heat

A

It reduces hence possible reduced climb rate

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8
Q

What should be considered when operating aircraft in high precipitation

A

Vis & runway condition

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9
Q

What risk increases when an aircraft flies in an area of thunderstorms

A

Turbulence

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10
Q

When there is heavy rain what other weather phenomenon often accompanies it

A

Unpredictable wind

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11
Q

In basic terms what is wind sheer

A

Significant differences in wind speed and/or direction in short distances in the vicinity of an aerodrome

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12
Q

In met what is the WAFC

A

World area forecast centre. Issues global weather forecasts for aviation purposes. UK Met Office and NOAA

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13
Q

Which ICAO Annex is concerned with Met

A

Annex 3

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14
Q

In Met what is the MWO

A

Meteorological watch office. Responsible for issuing information and charts for its area of responsibility

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15
Q

What centre deals with information relating to volcanic activity

A

Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC)

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16
Q

Which ICAO Annex requires ATSUs to provide current and forecast weather

A

Annex 11 ATS

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17
Q

What EU rule requires met service providers to provide air space users with up to date information

A

EU 2017/373

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18
Q

What is the risk to aircraft caused by fog

A

Limited vis

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19
Q

What is the risk to aircraft caused by icing

A

Forms on aircraft surfaces and aerodrome surfaces

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20
Q

What is the risk to aircraft caused by microbusts and macrobursts. How do they differ

A

Sudden downward and outward burst of wind, usually thunderstorm. Micro less than 4km across

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21
Q

What is the risk to aircraft caused by squall

A

Strong wind lasting at least 1 min. Associated with thunder, rain, heavy snow. Danger most when aircraft close to terrain

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22
Q

What is the risk to aircraft caused by THUNDER

A

Damage aircraft, ground equip and people

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23
Q

What is the risk to aircraft caused by turbulence

A

Sudden upward or downdraft of air. Causing aircraft altitude to fluctuate rapidly

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24
Q

What is the risk to aircraft caused by volcanic ash

A

Engine ingest

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25
In met what are the requirements of ATSUs
Observe and report local weather using METARs (Meteorological aerodrome reports). Provides information to MWO and pilots such as other pilots observations
26
What are examples of surface observation methods
1) Met stations at aerodromes 2) Ships 3) Buoys at sea
27
What are examples of upper air observations
1) Radiosondes attached to balloons Collecting wind, pressures, temp, humidity 30km up
28
What role do weather observation a/c fulfil that balloons do not in met
Collect data from areas not accessible to balloons or areas of significant weather. Collects additional detail like clear air turb and wind shear
29
In met what role to satellites play
Observe large met patterns, evolution of weather systems. Major air mass movements, cloud formation, temperature distribution
30
What ICAO document deals with the standards of coordination between ATS & MET
ICAO Doc 9377 Format & frequency of reports Methods of sharing data Each contributors responsibilities (ATSUs, met offices)
31
In met what sphere do aircraft (typically) fly in
Troposphere 0km - 6/20km Thickest at equator 75% of the atmospheres weight
32
In met what layer is at the top of the Troposphere and what temp is it typically
Tropopause, -51 Celsius
33
In met what is the second major layer of atmosphere above earth. What may be found here
Stratosphere, ozone layer. 6/20km-50km Ozone causes temp warming up to -15 Celsius
34
What three layers make up the outer bands of the atmosphere
Mesosphere 50km-80km Temp falls with height Thermosphere 80km-600km Temp gets weird, atoms hot objects cold Exosphere Past here out of space
35
What proportions of the atmosphere at sea level is nitrogen, oxygen and water vapour
78% 21% 1-4%
36
What is the earths tilt
23.5%
37
What are three factors that most affect atmospheric pressure
Temperature Altitude Humidity
38
What is the impact of temperature on atmospheric pressure
Cold air = more dense. Hot air spreads so becomes less dense and rises
39
What is the impact of altitude on atmospheric pressure
Higher altitude = lower pressure Less air pushing down the higher you go
40
What is the impact of humidity on atmospheric pressure
Air more humid = less dense Water vapour less dense than the nitrogen/oxygen it replaces. Hence humid air rises
41
What is wind in met
Movement of air between low and high pressure areas
42
What is the maximum measure of moisture in the air in met
100% relative humidity, air fully saturated. Hotter air can hold more water vapour
43
What does an Anemometer measure in met
Wind speed
44
What is used to measure wind direction in met
Weather vane or sock
45
What is used to measure air pressure
Barometer
46
What tool measures cloud base and coverage
Ceilometer
47
What tool measures humidity hence can work out dew point
Hygrometer
48
What does a transmissometer measure
Runway visual range
49
What is the international standard atmosphere
Model of average atmosphere conditions to act as a common reference point 1013 hPa 15 Celsius 1.225 kg/m3 density
50
Why was the ISA (International standard atmosphere) established
1) Aircraft designers have the same standard to calibrate instruments against. Hence pilots can more easily operate aircraft in their performance envelope 2) Aircraft in the same geographical are can be sure to be properly separated as they are all working from the same pressure setting
51
Is heat transferred from areas of hot to cold or cold to hot
Hot to cold
52
What are the four basic heat transfer mechanisms in met
Radiation Convection Conduction Advection
53
In met what is meant by radiation
Transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves. Sun rays striking earths surface
54
In met what is meant by conduction
Transfer of energy through the physical contact of two mediums. Surface to air
55
In met what is meant by convection
Flow of warmed air following conduction upwards as the air becomes less dense
56
In met what is meant by advection
Horizontal heat transfer. Warm air rises, then air moves horizontally to replace it
57
In met what does the adiabatic process explain
Why temperature falls as air rises despite heat not being lost. As it rises energy used to expand the physical size with temperature dropping as a result 2 degree fall per 1000ft increase ISA
58
Does saturated or unsaturated air fall in temperature more per 1000ft as it rises in met
Unsaturated cools more. Dry adiabatic lapse rate (DALR) 3oC per 1000ft Saturated air cools less. Saturated adiabatic lapse rate. 1.5oC
59
In met what is the environmental lapse rate (ELR)
The actual rate of decrease of atmospheric temperature with altitude rise
60
Is air cooled from below stable or unstable
Stable
61
Is air warmed from below stable or unstable
Unstable
62
In met what is the cycle of surface temperature
Ground coldest before sunrise. Ground heater by sun in day warming air via conduction and convection. Hottest a little after noon. Heat lost quicker in the afternoon
63
In met what is supercooling
Water cooled below 0 but not freezing. Due to curve of droplets
64
In met when air is saturated what is the relationship between air and water vapour
The air can't hold air more water vapour hence fog/dew forms
65
If air temperature increase and all other factors remain the same what happens to relative humidity
Decreases, despite the fact the actual quantity of water vapour hasn't changed
66
What is dew point in met
The temperature where if reached the air becomes fully saturated. Assuming pressure and water vapour content remains constant
67
If dew point and temp are close what can be deduced regarding humidity
Relative humidity will be high. Dew point never higher than humidity
68
In met what is latent heat
Heat released or absorbed when water changes state. As ice turns to water it takes energy from the environment to make the state change
69
What does QFE measure, what is its use
Atmospheric pressure at aerodrome. Altitude measures 0 when aircraft on the ground
70
What does QNH measure, what is its use
Atmospheric pressure at sea level. Useful for aircraft arriving & departing aerodromes at transitional altitudes
71
What is the transition altitude in relation to pressure settings
The point where an aircraft is more concerned with separation from each other rather than terrain hence use ISA standard 1013hPa
72
When an aircraft moves from an area of high pressure to low pressure, what happens to its true altitude
Decreases. Aircraft interprets decrease in altitude to be climbing hence adjusts downwards
73
When an aircraft moves from an area of low pressure to high pressure, what happens to its true altitude
Increases. Aircraft interprets increase pressure as decent hence adjust upwards
74
In an aircraft moving from high to low pressure should the pilot check above or below for aircraft
Below. High to low, look out below
75
In an aircraft moving from low to high pressure should the pilot check above or below for aircraft
Above. Low to high, look out above
76
When a plane is transitioning from an area of warm air to cool what happens to the isobars
Contract, cooler air increases pressure as the same volume of air occupies a smaller space
77
When an aircraft moves from an area of hot air to cool air what happens to its true altitude
True altitude decreases as the isobars showing pressure contract towards the surface
78
Should a pilot check above or below when moving from an area of cool air to hot air
Check above as true altitude. Inverse Hot to low, check below
79
What three tools can be used to measure pressure
1) Mercury Barometer 2) Aneroid Barometer 3) Digital Barometer
80
How does a mercury barometer function
Increased pressure forces mercury up the tube
81
How does a aneroid barometer function
Air tight capsule expands in low pressure acting on a spring moving a dial on a display
82
How does a digital barometer function
Air applies pressure to microchip changing its capacitance hence atmospheric change

Met (3 decks)

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