Metabolic and endocrine control during special circumstances

Question 1

fuel soruces normally available in the blood

Question 2

Glucose

Answer 2

Glucose is preferred fuel source

Little (12g) free glucose available

More glucose stored as glycogen (in liver and skeletal muscle)

Answer 3

Can be used as fuel by most cells except red blood cells, brain and CNS

Stored as TAG (fat) in adipose

10-15g fat in 70kg man (2 months fuel supply)

Question 4

fuel sources available under special conditions

Question 5

amino acid

Question 6

Ketone bodies

Question 7

Lactate

Question 8

glycogen

Question 9

fart

Answer 9

10-15kg

Made from glucose and dietary fats when in excess

Stored as TAG in adipose tissue

Source of: fatty acids and glycerol

Question 10

Muscle protein

Question 11

anabolic hromoens promote

Answer 11

fuel storage

• insulin
• growth hormone

Question 12

catabolic hormones

Answer 12

promote release from stores and utilisation

Question 13

lack of insulin

Question 14

insulin promotes

Question 15

insulin inhibits

Answer 15

glucoseneogensis

glycoenolysis

lipolysis

ketongenesis

proteolysis

Question 16

Effects of feeding

Question 17

effects of fasting

Answer 17

• Blood glucose falls and insulin secretion depressed- reduces uptake of glucose by adipose and muscle
• Low blood glucose stimulates glucagon which stimulates
  
  • Glycogenolysis
  • Lipolysis
  • Gluconeogenesis

Question 18

starvation causes release of

Answer 18

cortisol and glucgon from the adrenal cortex and pancrease

• stimualte sgluconeogensis and breakdown of protein and fat

Question 19

death with starvaton usually due to

Question 20

mother has a net weight gain of

Question 21

changes to endocrine and metabolism of mother during pregnancy represents

Question 22

2/3rds of fetal growth occurs over

Question 23

two main phases of emtabolic adaption during pregnancy

Question 24

first half of preganncy

Question 25

anabolic phase

Answer 25

prepatory increase in maternal nutrient stores (especially adipose)

Question 26

insulin sensitivity in first half (ananbolic) of pregancy

Question 27

second half

Answer 27

catabolic phase

Question 28

catabolic phase

Answer 28

maternal metabolism adapts to emet an icnreasing demand by fetal-placental unit

Question 29

insulin sensitivity in second half (catabolic) of preganncy

Question 30

Increase in insulin resistance

Answer 30

results in an increase in maternal glucose and free fatty acid conc Allows for greater substrate availability for fetal growth

Question 31

Placental transfer

Question 32

The “aggressive” parasite