Metabolic Assessment Flashcards
(27 cards)
What is the primary cause of Type 1 Diabetes?
Type 1 Diabetes is primarily a result of pancreatic beta cell destruction causing impaired insulin secretion
What is the primary characteristic of Type 2 Diabetes?
Type 2 Diabetes is characterized by insulin resistance, where insulin is less effective at facilitating glucose uptake
Define Gestational Diabetes.
Gestational Diabetes is glucose intolerance that has its onset during pregnancy
What commonality do Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes share, according to the notes?
Both Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes deal with insulin dependence and mild insulin resistance
Why is glucose measurement important?
Glucose measurement is important for the diagnosis of diabetes and for monitoring glucose at rest and during and following exercis
What is the normal fasting blood glucose range according to capillary glucose sampling?
The normal fasting blood glucose range is between 3.9 and 5.5 mmol/L (70 to 100 mg/dL)
What is the normal non-fasting blood glucose level according to capillary glucose sampling?
The normal non-fasting blood glucose level is <11.1 mmol/L (<200 mg/dL)
What is capillary glucose sampling described as in the notes?
Capillary glucose sampling is described as a simple spotchecking method
What is a limitation of simple spotchecking of glucose?
Simple spotchecking fogs the upper bounds of glucose levels.
Describe the steps for capillary glucose sampling outlined in “Physiology in Action!”
- Select and Clean site with alcohol
- Puncture the skin with one quick, deliberate poke (prevent repeated punctures)
- Wipe away first drop of blood (avoid contamination with tissue fluid or debris)
- Avoid squeezing the finger too tightly because this dilutes the sample with tissue fluid (plasma)
According to WHO guidelines, what is capillary sampling used for besides blood glucose?
the same capillary sampling technique is used for blood glucose and lactate sampling
What does the process of getting a single drop of blood for capillary sampling underestimate?
The process of getting a single drop of blood underestimates the value of interstitial fluid
Briefly describe the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT).
The Oral Glucose Tolerance Test involves the participant drinking something in 5 mins and follows a protocol for how individuals clear glucose, measuring the time it takes to get back to a normal glucose level after glucose gets into the system. The standard amount of glucose used in a typical test is 50g standard.
What is a benefit of Continuous Glucose Monitoring compared to spot checks?
Continuous Glucose Monitoring can help spot checks that might miss highs and lows in glucose levels
What type of individuals commonly use Continuous Glucose Monitoring?
Continuous Glucose Monitoring is tapefly used by people with type I
Describe how a Continuous Glucose Monitoring device works.
A Continuous Glucose Monitor starts as a tiny needle but later becomes a little tube that samples interstitial fluid and can be used for weeks at a time
What does glucose interact with to cause damage in the body?
Glucose interacts with hemoglobin to damage it, forming Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c)
What is Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) used for?
Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) is used to diagnose diabetes. Its one measure that informs about glucose (2-3) months. A HBA1C greater than 6.5% is diagnostic of fiabetes if confirmed by repeated testing
How is HbA1c related to glucose load?
A higher HbA1c indicates a much higher glucose load.
What is indicated by the “gray area above below” in the context of diabetes diagnosis?
The “gray area above below” refers to the diagnosis of Pre-diabetes
Cut-offs= 6.5%
What is phlebotomy?
Phlebotomy means taking blood, specifically a larger blood sample
What can be diagnosed through a larger blood sample obtained via phlebotomy?
A larger blood sample can diagnose many health conditions through blood.
Name two other health metrics that can be assessed.
Two other health metrics are Hematocrit and Hemoglobin Concentration
What are the normal ranges for Hematocrit and Hemoglobin Concentration?
The normal range for Hematocrit is 40-50% and for Hemoglobin Concentration is 13-17g/dL
