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Metabolic Conditions Flashcards

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1
Q

Metabolic syndrome conditions include

A

high blood pressure
high blood sugar
excess body fat/visceral fat in abdominal area
abnormal cholesterol/triglyceride levels

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2
Q

causes of metabolic syndrome

A

obesity
inactivity

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3
Q

linked condition to metabolic syndrome

A

type 2 dm

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4
Q

Risk factors of metabolic syndrome

A

age
ethnicity: more common in hispanic women
obesity
type 2 DM (F>M)
Non alcoholic fatty liver
sleep apnea
PCOS

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5
Q

clinical manifestations

A

abdominal obesity
hyperglycemia
hypertension
triglycerides
cholesterol

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6
Q

abdominal obesity

A

m > 40in waistline
f > 35 in waistline

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7
Q

hyperglycemia

A

> 110 mg/dL

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8
Q

best marker for hyperglycemia

A

HBA1C

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9
Q

Normal HBA1C value

A

<5.7&

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10
Q

triglycerides

A

HDL: <40 mg/dL (males); <35 mg/dL (females)

LDL: >130 mg/dL

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11
Q

cholesterol

A

normal amount is <200 mg/dL

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12
Q

clinical presentations of metabolic syndrome

A

large waist circumference
polydipsia ( inc thirst)
polyuria (inc urine)
fatigue
blurred vision

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13
Q

diabetic triad

A

polyuria
polydipsia
polyphagia

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14
Q

metabolic syndrome is defined as having > or equal to 3 of the 5 components:

A

elevated waist circumference
elevated triglycerides or takes drugs for elevated triglycerides
low HDL
elevated BP or htn drug tx
elevated fasting glucose

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15
Q

mechanisms that maintain balance in fluid and electrolytes

A

thirst mechanism and renal function

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16
Q

dehydration

A

output > input

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17
Q

causes of dehydration

A

poor intake
excess output/urination
profuse sweating
vomiting
diarrhea
diuretics

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18
Q

clinical manifestations of dehydration

A

poor skin turgor
dry mucous membranes
headache
irritability
postural hypotension
incoordination
lethargy
disorientation
uremia
hypovolemic shock

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19
Q

uremia

A

build up of toxins in blood since kidneys cannot filter; can lead to death

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20
Q

hypovolemic shock

A

medical and surgical condition in which rapid fluid loss results in multiple organ failure

d/t inadequate circulating volume & subsequent inadequate perfusion; could also lead to death

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21
Q

edema

A

excess of body fluids with expansion of interstitial fluid volume

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22
Q

causes of edema

A

heart failure (usually r sided)
kidney disease
premenstrual retention
pregnancy
heat stress
venous obstruction
protein losing kidney disease
starvation
malnutrition
inflammation
obstruction of lymphatic flow
malignancy

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23
Q

manifestations of edema

A

bipedal edema
weight gain
headache
blurred vision
muscle cramps
twitches

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24
Q

Normal potassium level

A

3.5-5.5

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25
hypokalemia causes
diarrhea vomiting metabolic acidosis renal tubular disease alkalosis diabetes insipidus hyperaldosteronism hypomagnesemia
26
classified as severe hypokalemia
<2.5 meq/l
27
hypokalemia manifestations
muscle weakness, aches, fatigue cardiac arrhythmia abdominal distention nausea & vomiting myalgia tremor muscle cramps intestinal motility constipation abnormal heart rhythm (too slow) leading to cardiac arrest flaccid paralysis hyporeflexia
28
hyperkalemia causes
acute renal failure metabolic acidosis diabetic ketoacidosis sickle cell anemia SLE high amount of K+ su[[lement potassium excretion affected by kidney failure hypoaldosteronism rhabdomyolysis
29
medications for hypokalemia
furosemide steroids dialysis
30
hyperkalemia meds
spironolactone nsaids ace inhibitors
31
hyperkalemia severity divided into
mild = 5.5-5.9 moderate = 6.0-6.4 mEq/L severe > 6.5 mEq/L
32
hyperkalemia manifestations
muscle weakness, arrhythmias (tall t wave, prolong p-r interval and qrs duration) typically no sx when severe: muscle pain muscle weakness or numbness irritability and anxiety palpitations dysrhytmias dec BP abdominal cramping and diarrhea dec urine output hyperventilation
33
normal sodium level
135-146 meq/L
34
2/3 of water located
inside cells
35
1/3 of water located in
ecf and blood plasma
36
most important regulator of fluid balance and principal determinant of plasma osmolality
sodium
37
causes of hyponatremia
water intoxication tumors endocrine tumors
38
manifestation hyponatremia
confusion decreased mental alertness convulsions signs of increased ICP poor motor coordination sleepiness anorexia
39
hypovolemic meaning & treatment
sodium and water levels both decrease but sodium loss is greater; vomiting/diarrhea rehydration with isotonic fluids
40
hypervolemic meaning and treatment
both sodium and water levels increase with greater water increase; fluid retention and conditions such as heart failure, liver cirrhosis, renal/kidney failure diuresis
41
euvolemic meaning and treatment
sodium level is normal but thereis increase in body water; excessive water intake, renal insufficiency, inappropriate ADH secretion restrict free water intake; address underlying cause
42
Premenopausal women are susceptible to acute ____ with severe brain edema
hyponatremia
43
Premenopausal women are more susceptible to acute hyponatremia due to
increased vasopression = kidneys retain more water
44
acute symptomatic hyponatremia <48 hrs is an emergency. t or f.
true
45
hypernatremia amount
>145 meq/l
46
hypernatremia causes
water deficit excessive water loss impaired vasopressin release renal dysfunction diuretics
47
hypernatremia manifestations
EXCESSIVE WATER RETENTION pitting edema, excessive weight gain, pulmonary edema, hypertension, tachycardia, agitation, restlessness, convulsions
48
calcium normal level
8.4-10.4 mg/dL
49
hypocalcemia causes
reduced albumin hyperphosphatemia hypoparathyroidism malabsorption of calcium and vitamin D alkalosis acute pancreatitis
50
hypocalcemia manifestations
muscle cramps tetany spasm paresthesia anxiety irritiability twitching convulsions arrhythmias hypotension
51
hypercalcemia causes
hyperparathyroidism tumor hyperthyroidism vitamin A intoxications
52
hypercalcemia manifestations
fatigue depression mental confusion nausea vomiting increased urination occasional cardiac arrhythmias
53
normal magnesium level
1.8-2.4
54
hypomagnesemia causes
hemodialysis blood transfusion chronic renal disease hepatic cirrhosis chronic pancreatitis hypoparathyroidism malabsorption syndromes severe burns excess loss of body fluids alcolohism starvation diarrhea inc urinary loss poor absorption from intestines
55
hypomagnesemia manifestation
hyper-irritability confusion leg and foot cramps tremor nystagmus seizures cardiac arrest
56
hypermagnesemia causes
renal failure diabetic acidosis hypothyroidism addison's disease dehydration use of antacids
57
hypermagnesemia manifestation
hyporeflexia, muscle weakness drowsiness lethargy confusion bradycardia hypotension
58
problems in magnesium leads to
dec bp, heart disease, and type 2 diabetes
59
hypermagnesemia symptoms develop with levels more than
4 meq/L
60
normal chloride levels
98-107 mg/dL
61
abnormal chloride levels are usually d/t
metabolic acidosis and alkalosis
62
hypochloremia causes
congestive heart failure prolonged diarrhea chronic lung disease metabolic alkalosis laxative use diuretics corticosteroids bicarbonates
63
hypochloremia frequently accompanies
hyponatremia
64
hypochloremia manifestations
fluid loss dehydration weakness fatigue difficulty breathing diarrhea/vomiting rigid extremities tetany tremors/twitching slight seizures slow shallow respiration
65
hyperchloremia causes
kidney prob diabetes severe dehydration increased salt respiratory alkalosis
66
hyperchloremia manifestations
fatigue muscle weakness excessive thirst dry mucous membrane high BP edematous decreased LOC rapid blowing respirations to remove acid build up through lungs
67
in hyperchloremia, urine output is closely monitored. t or f.
true because pt is treated with diuretics to decrease bp
68
Normal phosphate level
3-4.5 mg/dL
69
phosphate has an inverse relationship with
calcium
70
high phosphate levels are associated with _____
chronic kidney diseases needing phosphate binding medications
71
low levels of phosphate are usually associated with
malignancy and hyperparathyroidism
72
good sources of phosphate include
dairy, nuts, chicken, pork, organ meats
73
hypophosphatemia causes
genetic hospitalized individuals (fluid loss) alcoholism severe burns diabetic ketoacidosis faconi syndrome hyperparathyroidism chronic diarrhea vit d deficiency fanconi syndrome
74
fanconi syndrome
disorder of kidney tubule function excessive glucose, bicarbonate and phosphates, uric acid, potassium too much excretion --> dec phosphate
75
manifestations of hypophosphatemia
muscle weakness fatigue bone pain bone fractures loss of appetite irritability numbness confusion slowed growth in children tooth decay late baby teeth
76
hyperphosphatemia causes
kidney problem hypoparathyroidism cell damage high vitamin D levels diabetic ketoacidosis muscle damage infections
77
hyperphosphatemia manifestations
muscle cramps numbness tingling around mouth bone and joint pain weak bones rashes itchy skin
78
normal pH levels
7.35-7.45
79
metabolic acidosis causes
diabetes renal insufficiency diarrhea diabetic ketoacidosis
80
metabolic acidosis manifestation
hyperventilation deep respiration weakness muscular twitches malaise nausea vomiting diarrhea headache dry skin poor skin turgor may eventually lead to stupor or coma
81
metabolic alkalosis causes
excess vomiting, excess diuretics, hypokalemia, peptic ulcer disease, excessive antacids
82
metabolic alkalosis manifestations
hypoventilation depressed respirations dysrhythmias prolonged vomiting weakness muscle twitching irritability agitation confusion coma (death)
83
respiratory acidosis
increased co2 decrease pH
84
respiratory alkalosis
decreased co2 increased pH
85
metabolic acidosis ___ hco3, ___ pH
decreased HCO3, decreased pH
86
metabolic alkalosis ___ hco3, ___ pH
increased hco3, increased pH
87
hypothyroidism due to
decreased thyroid gland activity decreased thyroid releasing hormones hashimoto's disease (autoimmune disorder affecting thyroid gland) antithyroid meds decreased body function
88
hashimoto's disease
brain fog goiter constipation menstrual changes fatigue dry skin brittle nails
89
symptoms of hypothyroidism
weight gain mental and physical lethargy dry skin and hair low bp constipation cold intolerance goiter puffy face brittle nails muscle or joint pain slow heart rate irregular and heavy periods depression dec sweating may lead to death
90
hypothyroidism red flags
exercise intolerance weakness apathy exercise induced myalgia reduced cardiac output due to low BP
91
hyperthyroidism due to
hyperactive thyroid gland enlarged thyroid increased thyroxine secretion grave's disease thyroid storm increased metabolic processes
92
grave's disease
autoimmune disorder that results in overproduction of thyroid hormone buldging eyes immune system attacks thyroid gland
93
thyroid storm
life threatening health condition associated with untreated hyperthyroidism inc bp, hr, and body temp fatal without prompt treatment
94
hyperthyroidism symptoms
nervousness and anxiety hyperreflexia tremor hunger weight loss or gain short and light periods fatigue heat intolerance palpitations tachycardia diarrhea inc sweating bulging eyes nail thickening
95
hyperthyroidism red flags
exercise intolerance fatigue
96
common sx between hyper and hypothyroidism
fatigue insomnia hair loss
97
addison's disease
decreased production of cortisol and aldosterone failure of adrenocortical function
98
addison's disease etiology
ion, neoplasm, hemorrhage
99
cushing's disease
decreased production of cortisol by adrenal cortex excessive glucocorticoids
100
cushing's disease etiology
pituitary tumor
101
addison's disease signs
primary adrenal insufficiency low cortisol alopecia hypoglycemia low mood frail and weak low libido in females low temp amenorrhea in females darkened skin hypokalemia st elevation low bp fatigue hyponatremia salt craving
102
cushing's disease sign
excess cortisol production moon face (rosy cheeks) hyperglycemia truncal obesity buffalo hump (fat pad on back) slow wound healing hirsutism skin thinning hypokalemia high bp weak bones (osteoporosis) hypernatremia purple or red striae
103
addison's disease = LOW MEASUREMENTS EXCEPT
hyperkalemia
104
cushing's disease = HIGH MEASUREMENTS EXCEPT
hypokalemia
105
gaucher's disease
inability to break down a particular fat accumulates in liver, spleen and bone marrow pain, bone damage, death
106
signs of gaucher's disease
pathological fracture hepatomegaly collapsed vertebrae bone pain and bone crisis erlenmeyer flask deformity splenomegaly thrombocytopenia anemia osteonecrosis bone marrow infiltration osteopenia
107
type 1 diabetes
genetic patches seen on arms pancreas unable to produce enough insulin develop at young age cannot be prevented insulin therapy
108
type 2 diabetes
insulin resistance older age prevented with lifestyle change
109
both diabetes share common
frequent urination increased thirst extreme hunger unintentional weight loss fatigue blurry vision wounds heal slow numbness and tingling in hands and feet benefit from lifestyle modifications
110
diabetes insipidus
condition can cause production of large amounts of diluted urine from drinking fluid aka primary polydipsia or dipsogenic diabetes insipidus damage to thirst regulation in hypothalamus
111
central diabetes insipidus
lack of vasopressin hypotonic urine
112
nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
renal resistance to vasopressin excessive hypotonic urine
113
primary polydipsia
excessive fluid intake excessive hypotonic urine

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