metabolic & endocrine system anatomy

Question 1

key functions of the metabolic system

Answer 1

• governs chemical & physical changes that take place within the body enabling it to grow and function
• facilitated by enzymes

Question 2

catabolism

Answer 2

breakdown of organic compouds

Question 3

anabolism

Answer 3

combines simple molecules for tissue growth

Question 4

key functions of the endocrine system

Answer 4

endocrine glands that secrete hormones that travel through the blood stream to signal specific target cells throughout the body to target organs upon which they act

• works with the nervous system for homeostasis, capable of working alone or in concert of each other
• regulate metabolism, respond to stress, sexual reproduction, blood pressure, water & salt balances

Question 5

hypothalamus action

Answer 5

responsible for regulation of autonomic nervous system & other glans through its impact on the pituitary gland
- temperature, appetite, sweating, thirst, sexual behavior, rage, fear, BP, sleep

Question 6

hypothalamus location

Answer 6

diencephalon, located below the thalamus and cerebral hemisphere- connects to the pituitary gland

Question 7

pituitary gland location

Answer 7

size of a pea, located at the base of the brain just beneath the hypothalamus

Question 8

which gland is considered the master gland?

Answer 8

pituitary gland

- b/c it regulates many other endocrine glands

Question 9

the pituitary gland is influenced by factors such as

Answer 9

seasonal changes or emotional stress

Question 10

pituitary gland action

Answer 10

• secretes endorphins that act on the NS and reduce a persons sensitivity to pain
• it also controls ovulation and works as a catalyst for the testes and ovaries to create sex hormones

Question 11

thyroid gland location

Answer 11

anterior and lateral surfaces of the trachea, immediately below the larynx (shaped like a bow- tie)

Question 12

thyroid gland action

Answer 12

produces thyroxine and triiodothyronine that act to control the rate at which cells burn the fuel from food

Question 13

an increase in thyroid hormones will …

Answer 13

increase the rate of chemical reactions within the body

Question 14

parathyroid gland location

Answer 14

4 glands found on the posterior surface of the thyroids lateral lobes

Question 15

parathyroid action

Answer 15

produce parathyroid hormone, functions as an antagonist to calcitonin and is important for the maintenance of normal blood levels of calcium and phosphate
- increases reabsorption of calcium and phosphate from bones to blood

Question 16

normal clotting, neuromuscular excitability and cell membrane are dependent on

Answer 16

normal calcium levels

Question 17

adrenal glands location

Answer 17

top of each kidney

• outer = adrenal cortex
• inner = adrenal medulla
• –> secrete different hormones

Question 18

adrenal cortex

Answer 18

produces corticosteroids that regulate water and sodium balance, the body’s response to stress, immune system, sexual development/ function, and metabolism

Question 19

adrenal medulla

Answer 19

produces epinephrine that increase HR and BP when there is an increase in stress

Question 20

pancreas is located

Answer 20

in the upper left quadrant of the abdominal cavity, duodudenum to spleen

Question 21

hormone producing cells of the pancreas

Answer 21

islets of Langerhans- produce alpha cells and beta cells

Question 22

alpha cells produce

Answer 22

glucagon

Question 23

beta cells produce

Answer 23

insulin

Question 24

alpha cells and beta cells work together to ensure

Answer 24

consistent level of glucose within the blood stream and properly maintain stores of energy within the body

Question 25

ovaries

Answer 25

produce estrogen and progesterone that contribute to regulation of the menstrual cycle and pregnancy

Question 26

testes

Answer 26

secrete androgens, testosterone that regulate body changes associated with sexual development and support the production of sperm

Question 27

steroid hormones

Answer 27

prostaglandins - all cells create prostaglandins from the phospholipids of the cell membrane - they are unique from other hormones since they do not circulate in the blood and instead exert their effects only when they are produced

Question 28

prostaglandins effects

Answer 28

inflammation, pain mechanisms, vasodilation, vasoconstriction nutrient metabolism and blood clotting

Question 29

amine hormones

Answer 29

catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, dopamine) released into the bloodstream with sympathetic NS stimulation - increase cardiac contraction, constriction of blood vessels, activation of glycogen breakdown blocking of insulin secretion, increasing metabolic rate, and dilating airways within the lungs

Question 30

peptide hormones

Answer 30

insulin - released when there is an elevation in the level of blood glucose, produces a cellular uptake of glucose for metabolism (main goal is to reduce blood glucose levels) - also stimulates the skeletal muscle and liver to store the glucose and increase amino acid transport across tissues

Question 31

right upper quadrant

Answer 31

``` liver right kidney gall bladder colon pancreas ```

Question 32

left upper quadrant

Answer 32

``` stomach left kidney spleen colon pancreas ```

Question 33

right lower quadrant

Answer 33

appendix colon sm. intestine urerter

Question 34

left lower quadrant

Answer 34

colon sm. intestine urerter

Question 35

pineal gland

Answer 35

- secretes the hormone melatonin which targets melanocytes | - The gland functions to cause drowsiness and to help regulate the sleep-wake cycle.

Question 36

aerobic metabolism

Answer 36

metabolic functions that do require oxygen transported via the circulatory system, provide energy for low intensity. longer duration activities

Question 37

anabolism

Answer 37

metabolic process in which simple molecules (nucleic acids, polysaccharides, amino acids) Are combined to create the complex molecules (proteins) needed for tissue and organ growth

Question 38

anaerobic metabolism

Answer 38

metabolic functions that do not require the presence of O2 and produce energy for high intensity, short duration activities

Question 39

catabolism

Answer 39

the metabolic process in which complex molecules (proteins, lipids) are broken down in the body for the purpose of created and releasing heat and energy

Question 40

osteopenia

Answer 40

low bone mass, not severe enough to qualify as osteoporosis

Question 41

osteopetrosis

Answer 41

group of conditions characterized by impaired osteoclast function which causes bone to become thickened but fragile - inherited condition, can vary widely in symptoms and severity

Question 42

Dowager’s hump

Answer 42

is characterized by a kyphotic curvature of the thoracic spine secondary to the osteoporotic process that occurs in postmenopausal women. Compression of the anterior portion of the vertebrae due to osteoporosis leads to the forward bending (i.e., kyphosis) posture.