Metabolic & Production Diseases In The Dairy Cow (Nutritional demand and production diseases in the dairy cow) AND Postpartum Esumption Of Cycles

Question 1

What occurs in cow during transition period from close-up to post-partum

Answer 1

Sudden increase in nutrients required for milk production
-Energy demands = MJ/ME (Mcal or UFL)
-Protein demands
-calcium demands

Decrease in dry matter intake in last week of pregnancy

Immuno-suppression-> less geared up to fight infection

Question 2

A 700kg cow to be alive need how many MJ?
What about after calving?

Answer 2

70MG!!
370-380MJ!!

Question 3

How many MJ should be added to a lactating cow?

Answer 3

28MJ

Question 4

How many MJ should be fed to cow before pregnancy?

Answer 4

100-120 MJ

Question 5

How many MJ in cow goes into her milk?

Answer 5

5MJ

Question 6

Hypocalcaemia / Milk fever
-common when?
-what happens to animal
-due to what on farm?

Answer 6

-Usually in the first week after calving

• Animal recumbent and weak, cold
• Low Ca – give Ca IV

-Poor nutrition / management in the dry period

Question 7

Retained Foetal Membranes (RFM)
-what time
-predisposes what

Answer 7

Retained if not passed within 6-12h

Predisposes to metritis and endometritis

Question 8

Acute post-partum metritis
-happens when
-what is it
-consequence of what
-consequence

Answer 8

• 1 – 21 (30) days PP (1-7 d)
• Inflammation of whole uterus
• Often consequence
of RFM
-death

Question 9

Chronic endometritis
-what is it
-any systemic signs?

Answer 9

Chronic Inflammation of ENDOMETRIUM
•NO systemic signs

Question 10

Ketosis

Answer 10

• ‘Clinical manifestation’ of NEB
• High keton bodies (BHB)
• Common in high producing cows
• Over conditioned dry cows (fat cow sydrome)
• Inappetence, milk drop, rapid weight loss, depression, fatty liver or nothing…
• Diagnosis: test

Question 11

Left displaced abomasum (LDA)

Question 12

Mastitis
-happens when
-what is it
-different types

Answer 12

Happens around parturition

Inflammation of the mammary gland
Clinical vs subclinical mastitis
Acute vs chronic
Contagious vs environmental

Question 13

Aim of farmer is to calve down how many times a year for maximum efficiency?

Answer 13

Once a year

Question 14

Describe the process of annual production cycle and how long each step should be

Answer 14

-begins with calving
-6 weeks of utwrine involution
-6 weeks for breeding and conception
-9 months gestation
-at 12 month period calving again

altogether 1 year

Question 15

During 6 week period of conception, what is resumed in the uterus of cow?

Answer 15

Dominant follicle growth
LH pulsalitility
Oestrous cycles
—> successful insemination

Question 16

What occurs during uterine involution?

Answer 16

1. Uterine horns return to normal size
2. Endometrium restored to normal
3. Resumption of ovulation activity and showing signs of oestrous cyclicity

Question 17

When does first ovulation postpartum occur in each of these species;
-cow
-ewe
Mare
-some
-bitch
-woman

Answer 17

during lactation
after weaning
during lactation
after weaning
after weaning
during lactation

Question 18

What is the postpartum period of these species
-cow
-ewe
-mare
-sow
-bitch
-woman

Answer 18

25-130 days
> 5 months
7-10 days
30-50 days
> 4 months
> 30 days

Question 19

What is the common difference in 1st ovulation time between monovulatory species and litter-bearing species?

Answer 19

Mono- 1st ovulation occurs during lactation
Litter- 1st ovulation occurs after weaning

Question 20

Sequence of hormonal and follicular events leading to ovulation:

Answer 20

1. FSH rise for follicle wave emergence
2. Dominant follicle selection as normal
3. Increase in GnRH pulsatility to replenish LH stores and then induce frequent LH pulses
4. Stimulation of follicular oestradiol production and rising oestradiol in circulation
5. Switch to oestradiol positive feedback
6. Induction of 1st gonadotrophin surge postpartum followed by ovulation and CL formation

Question 21

Hormonal mechanisms which regulate the postpartum resumption of ovulation in cows:
The high steroid profiles before calving led to a downregulation of…

Answer 21

GnRH/LH pulses and also a chronic suppression of FSH levels

Question 22

In postpartum, steroid removal will. Lead to…

Answer 22

Gonadotrophin recovery

Question 23

Ovarian status of These hormones before parturition
-FSH
-LH
-astral & dominant follicles

Answer 23

➢Low FSH
➢Absent LH pulses
➢Small and medium
antral follicles only, no dominant follicles

Question 24

Ovarian status of These hormones after parturition
-FSH
-LH
-astral & dominant follicles

Answer 24

➢FSH recovers very quickly
➢Rising FSH leads to follicle wave emergence
➢Dominant follicle selection within the first 2 weeks

Question 25

Time to 1st ovulation depends on…

Answer 25

breed and (metabolic) health status determining pp LH pulsatility

Question 26

Dominant follicle selected PP depends on support from?

Answer 26

LH pulses

Question 27

In all cows during the postpartum (pp) period we see a *quick/slow* recovery of FSH and dominant follicle (DF) growth?

Answer 27

QUICK

Question 28

During calving beef cows should have a good BCS. What happens if beef cows with low BCS goes through calving?

Answer 28

There are a lot more dominant follicle artesian going on (with the good BCS cow,the dominant follicle turnover came after third day, whereas with low BCS cow delay until first ovulation/dominant follicle turnover is very very long (around 140 days)

Question 29

Before oestrus is expressed, what needs to be primed with progesterone?

Answer 29

Behavioural centres

Question 30

First oestrus may be detected __ weeks postpartum in dairy cows. First oestrus may be detected __ weeks postpartum in crossbred suckler cows, but will be later in continental breeds

Answer 30

4 6

Question 31

Dominant follicle growth is stimulated by… if these are too infrequent what occurs?

Answer 31

Frequent LH pulses DF atresia occurs and a new wave emerges (DF turnover)

Question 32

Which factors have the biggest affects on frequency of LH pulses postpartum (and therefore when follicle ovulation will occur) in; 1. Dairy cow 2. Beef suckler cow

Answer 32

Dairy cow-> -BCS at calving (not too important) -negative energy balance (very important)- leads to BCS loss postpartum and loss of energy Beef-> -BCS at calving- very important factor in influencing LH pulse -maternal bond- calf presence- very strong negative regulator of LH pulses- those beef breeds with. Very strong maternal bonds will even more inhibited in. LH pulsitility -suckling- small effect on LH pulses -nutrition- minimal effect on LH pulses

Question 33

If a cow has a very low NEB (negative energy Balance)

Answer 33

Will not resume ovulatory Activity for weeks after postpartum

Question 34

What is negative energy balance in a cow?

Answer 34

When a cow is losing a lot of nutrients due to pregnancy/lactation but is not taken up enough food to counteract the loss of energy (Diagram of graph on anki)

Question 35

Postpartum anoestrus in suckled females depends mainly on (inhibitory of LH pulses)

Answer 35

presence of offspring, season and prepartum nutrition

Question 36

Which factors have the biggest effect on LH pulsatility in the sow?

Answer 36

1. Strong effect of the maternal bond in sows: Presence of the offspring (and suckling) inhibit LH pulses 2. Protein nutrition during lactation: High maternal protein loss will delay time to 1st oestrus and ovulation after weaning

Question 37

Delaying foal heat improves what in mares?

Answer 37

conception rates to breeding

Question 38

What treatment is used to reduce LH pulsatility which therefore delays oestrus in the foal

Answer 38

Progesterone treatment- gives uterus a lot more time to involute and therefore fertility ^

Question 39

Oestrus and ovulation in beef cows can be advanced by…

Answer 39

breaking the maternal bond, restricting suckling, or using hormone treatments

Question 40

Which reproductive treatment hormones are used to induce 1st ovulation in beef cows

Answer 40

Progesterone treatment; ●GnRH (at start of a Progesterone treatment) ●eCG (at end of a Progesterone treatment)

Question 41

How would you alter the animal husbandry of a beef. Cow to allow it to go into oestrus/first ovulation faster?

Answer 41

●En. rich diet after calving ●Short-term weaning (48h) ●Manipulation of suckling frequency ●Bull introduction