Metabolism 1

Question 1

Macromolecules

Answer 1

-large molecules built from smaller organic molecules

Question 2

4 main macromolecules

Answer 2

-carbohydrates
-proteins
-lipids
-nucleic acids

Question 3

Which macromolecule polymer(s) are broken down through hydrolysis?

Answer 3

-carbohydrates
-proteins
-nucleic acids

Question 4

Which macromolecule polymer(s) are broken down through lipolysis?

Answer 4

-lipids

Question 5

Carbohydrates are used as…

Answer 5

fuel sources or converted to other organic molecules

Question 6

Monosaccharides

Answer 6

-glucose, fructose, galactose
-C(6)H(12)O(6)
-readily absorbed by the small intestines

Question 7

Disaccharides

Answer 7

-sucrose (glucose-fructose)
-lactose (glucose-galactose)
-maltose (glucose-glucose)

Question 8

Common polysaccharides

Answer 8

-starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin

Question 9

Starch (types, explain)

Answer 9

-storage form of carbohydrates in plants
-amylose (straight, slow to breakdown)
-amylopectin (branched, fast to breakdown)

Question 10

Glycogen

Answer 10

-storage form of carbohydrates within animals
-highly branched (fast to breakdown)
-converted to glucose in glycogenesis

Question 11

cellulose

Answer 11

-most abundant naturally occurring polysaccharide
-found in plant walls
-very hard to break down (long, straight)

Question 12

Some functions of proteins

Answer 12

-catalyzing chemical rxns
-synthesizing and repairing DNA
-transporting material across cell
-receiving and sending chemical signals (hormones)
-respond to stimuli
-provide structural support

Question 13

How many different amino acids are there?

Answer 13

20

Question 14

How is the function of each protein determined?

Answer 14

The shape of each protein (number and order of amino acids in polypeptide chain)

Question 15

Enzymes

Answer 15

-proteins that catalyze biochemical reactions (speed up)
-essential for digestion and cellular metabolism

Question 16

Anabolic enzymes

Answer 16

-build more complex molecules from their substrates

Question 17

Catabolic enzymes

Answer 17

-break down their substrate (digestion)

Question 18

Amylase

Answer 18

-digestion of carbohydrates
-in mouth and SI

Question 19

Pepsin

Answer 19

-digestion of protein
-in the stomach

Question 20

Lipase

Answer 20

-emulsify fats
-SI

Question 21

Trypsin

Answer 21

-further digestion of protein
-SI

Question 22

Hormones

Answer 22

-proteins secreted by endocrine cells
-control or regulate physiological processes
-growth, development, metabolism, reproduction

Question 23

Insulin

Answer 23

-protein hormone
-helps regulate blood glucose levels

Question 24

Receptor proteins

Answer 24

-detect the concentrations of chemicals and send signals to respond

Question 25

Examples of lipid steroids (not protein)

Answer 25

-estrogen -testosterone

Question 26

Lipids

Answer 26

-fats/oils/waxes in our bodies -mainly made from carbon, hydrogen, oxygen -majority are non-polar (do not dissolve in water)

Question 27

Do lipids dissolve and travel through blood?

Answer 27

No, blood is 90% water (polar) instead they are transported via lipoproteins

Question 28

What are lipids mainly used for?

Answer 28

-energy storage and structure

Question 29

What are the three main types of lipids?

Answer 29

-fats -phospholipids -steroids

Question 30

What are fats constructed of?

Answer 30

-a single glycerol molecule -three fatty acids

Question 31

Explain the structure of saturated fatty acids

Answer 31

-maximal # of hydrogen -no double bonds -tend to form solids at room temp

Question 32

Explain the structure of unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 32

-one or more double bonds -tend to form liquids at room temp

Question 33

Explain the structure of phospholipids

Answer 33

-fatty acid chain with glycerol backbone -two fatty acids and a phosphate group (as opposed to three FA)

Question 34

What makes phospholipids so unique and vital to their function?

Answer 34

-head is polar and negatively charged (hydrophilic = "water loving") -tail is uncharged and non-polar (hydrophobic = "water fearing")

Question 35

Attributes of phospholipid bilayer

Answer 35

-only lipophilic solutes can easily pass through -two distinct aqueous compartments on each side of the membrane

Question 36

Steroids

Answer 36

-fused, four linked carbon rings -hydrophobic (insoluble in water) -role in reproduction, absorption, metabolism regulation, brain activity

Question 37

Cholesterol

Answer 37

-most common steroid -synthesized in liver -precursor molecule, aids in synthesizing, metabolism

Question 38

Functions of cholesterol

Answer 38

-precursor to Vitamin D, estrogen, testosterone, progesterone -synthesize aldosterone -aids in formation of cortisol

Question 39

Types of nucleic acids

Answer 39

-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)... genetic material -ribonucleic acid (RNA)... protein synthesis