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Warwick block 1 cell and tissue biomedicine > Metabolism 1 > Flashcards

Metabolism 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are carbohydrate metabolites used for in the body

A

energy source

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2
Q

what are Lipids metabolites used for in the body

A
  1. energy source
  2. membrane components
  3. Hormonal signalling
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3
Q

what are proteins metabolites used for in the body

A
  1. enzymatic catalysts
  2. antibodies
  3. hormonal signalling
  4. structural proteins
  5. contractile proteins
  6. gas transport
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4
Q

what are Nucleic acid metabolites used for in the body

A

information storage/transmission

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5
Q

what is the general formula of a carbohydrate

A

[C(H2O)]n

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6
Q

How long are monosaccharides

A

1 monomeric unit

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7
Q

How long are disaccharides

A

2 monomeric unit

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8
Q

How long are oligosaccharides

A

3-10 monomeric unit

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9
Q

How long are polysaccharides

A

> 10 monomeric unit

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10
Q

how are different number of carbon atoms in a monosaccharide called

A

triose (3), tetrose (4) pentose (5), hexose (6)

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11
Q

what is an isomer

A

These contain the same atoms, but bonded to each other in a different 3D arrangement

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12
Q

what are the three important trioses in the body

A

Dihydroxyacetone, L-Glyceraldehyde and D-Glyceraldehyde,

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13
Q

what are two important pentoses in the body

A

ribose and deoxyribose

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14
Q

how are trioses important in cellular respiration

A

Duringglycolysis,fructose-1,6-bisphosphateis broken down intoglyceraldehyde-3-phosphateanddihydroxyacetone phosphate.Lactic acidandpyruvic acidare later derived from these molecules

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15
Q

how are disaccharides formed

A

formed by a reaction between two mono-saccharides, which eliminates water and forms a glycosidic bond

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16
Q

what is sucrose made from

A

Glucose and fructose joined together

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17
Q

what is lactose made from

A

Glucose and galactose joined together

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18
Q

what is maltose made from

A

2x Glucose joined together

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19
Q

what is the breakdown product of starch or glycogen

A

maltose

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20
Q

what is the chemical structure of lactose

A

insert pic

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21
Q

what is the chemical structure of glucose

A

insert pic

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22
Q

what is the chemical structure of galactose

A

insert pic

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23
Q

what is the structure of starch

A

75% amylopectin

25% amylose

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24
Q

what is the structure of amylopectin

A

branched polymer of glucose (formed by α-1,4 and α-1,6 glycosidic bonds)

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25
what is the structure of amylose
linear polymer of glucose (formed by α-1,4 glycosidic bonds only)
26
how do we get starch in the body
Obtained in diet from plant sources
27
how do we get cellulose in the body
Obtained in diet from plant sources
28
can we digest cellulose and why
not digestible by humans due to lack of cellulase enzyme; linear polymer of glucose
29
how do we get glycogen in the body
obtained in diet from animal sources
30
what is the structure of glycogen
extensively branched polymer of glucose
31
what is dextrin
Breakdown product of starch and glycogen | - branched oligomer of glucose
32
what are the 4 main types of biologically important lipids
1. fatty acids 2. triglycerides 3. cholesterol 4. cholesterol esters
33
what are fatty acids
hydrocarbon chains of various lengths – considered ‘long chain’ if >12C and ‘very long chain’ if >22C
34
what are the two types of fatty acids
saturated and unsaturated
35
what are saturated fatty acids
all carbon atoms are bonded to 4 different atoms
36
what are unsaturated fatty acids
unsaturated fatty acids have at least one C=C double bond
37
how are triglycerides made
glycerol + fatty acid
38
what are cis/trans stereo-isomers
molecules with the same chemical and structural formula but due to having no rotation about the double bond, have different arrangements in space
39
what is the significance of having more cis fatty acids in a membrane
cis fatty acids pack next to each other less closely than trans ones, so cause membranes to be more fluid
40
what are 2 types of modified lipids
phospholipids | glycolipids
41
what are phospholipids
consist of a phosphate group attached to one or more fatty acid chains via glycerol or sphingosine, which itself contains a long hydrocarbon chain
42
what is a glycolipid
a carbohydrate element (usually an oligosaccharide) attached to one or more fatty acid chains directly or via glycerol or sphingosine
43
why are phospholipids important components in cell membranes
the amphipathic (polar/non-polar) nature of phospholipids being integral to membrane structure
44
why are glycolipids important components of cell membranes
glycolipids important for functioning in cell surface recognition
45
what are two important ketone bodies in humans
acetoacetic acid and b-hydroxybutyric acid
46
what are ketone bodies
Small (4-carbon) fatty acids formed by oxidation of fatty acids in the liver especially during fasting
47
when are ketone bodies especially important
in fasting state/when there is low glucose - they become important energy substrates for the brain
48
what happens to ketone levels in type 1 diabetes
, excessive formation of ketone bodies by the liver can result in dangerously high concentrations in the blood
49
how is acetone produced in the body
Acetone is formed as a breakdown product of ketone bodies and is exhaled
50
Roles of lipids
1. fuels 2. energy storage 3. transport between tissues 4. structural components of cell membranes 5. chemical messengers
51
what are essential Amino acids
AA obtained from the diet
52
what are non-essential Amino Acids
AA synthesised endogenously
53
what are the 9 essential Amino Acids
*Leucine Methionine *Isoleucine Phenylalanine *Valine Threonine Histidine Tryptophan Lysine
54
what are the 11 non essential amino acids
``` Alanine Glutamine Arginine Glycine Arparagine Proline Aspartic acid Serine Cysteine Tyrosine Glutamic acid ```
55
what is the structure of ATP
insert pic
56
how is ATP formed
ATP is synthesised from ADP (formation of a phosphosdiester bond) using energy released by oxidation
57
what is the relationship between anabolic and catabolic processes and ATP
Anabolic processes consume ATP; catabolic processes produce ATP
58
where is glucose used as an energy source
most tissues, obligatory for brain and RBCs
59
where are fatty acids used as an energy source
most tissues, but minimal in neurons as a source of energy
60
where are ketone bodies used as an evergy source
can be used by most tissues (except liver) important for the brain as a partial substitute for glucose when this is less available
61
where are amino acids used as an energy source
not used as fuels by many cell types, but are used (particularly glutamine) in fast-dividing cells e.g. enterocytes and cancer cells
62
why can excess glucose be stored as fatty acids but not vice versa
Fatty acids can be formed from glucose, but not vice versa .'. glucose excess can be stored as lipid (triglycerides) but then this can only be mobilised/metabolised as fatty acid
63
where is triglyceride stored
White adipose tissue (internal or subcutaneous) is specialised for triglyceride storage but excess triglyceride can be stored nto ‘ectopic’ tissues (skeletal and cardiac muscle and the liver). (pathological consequences)
64
where are carbohydrates (as glyogen) stored
limited. 1. liver to regulate blood glucose (lasts overnight in humans) 2. skeletal muscle for direct energy requirements
65
GLUT 1 details
substrates = Glucose, galactose, mannose high affinity. ubiquitous expression. high expression in RBC and brain
66
GLUT 2 details
substrates = Glucose, fructose low affinity. in liver and pancreatic b cells insulin sensitive
67
GLUT 3 details
high affinity in brain, intestine, placenta insulin sensitive
68
glut 4 details
substrate = glucose. mid-high affinity. in muscles and adipose tissue. insulin sensitive
69
glut 5 details
substrate = fructose low affinity in intestine insulin sensitive

Warwick block 1 cell and tissue biomedicine (4 decks)

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