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Block 1 AR > Metabolism 1 > Flashcards

Metabolism 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are carbohydrate metabolites used for in the body

A

energy source

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2
Q

what are Lipids metabolites used for in the body

A
  1. energy source
  2. membrane components
  3. Hormonal signalling
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3
Q

what are proteins metabolites used for in the body

A
  1. enzymatic catalysts
  2. antibodies
  3. hormonal signalling
  4. structural proteins
  5. contractile proteins
  6. gas transport
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4
Q

what are Nucleic acid metabolites used for in the body

A

information storage/transmission

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5
Q

what is the general formula of a carbohydrate

A

[C(H2O)]n

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6
Q

How long are monosaccharides

A

1 monomeric unit

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7
Q

How long are disaccharides

A

2 monomeric unit

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8
Q

How long are oligosaccharides

A

3-10 monomeric unit

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9
Q

How long are polysaccharides

A

> 10 monomeric unit

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10
Q

how are different number of carbon atoms in a monosaccharide called

A

triose (3), tetrose (4) pentose (5), hexose (6)

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11
Q

what is an isomer

A

These contain the same atoms, but bonded to each other in a different 3D arrangement

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12
Q

what are the three important trioses in the body

A

Dihydroxyacetone, L-Glyceraldehyde and D-Glyceraldehyde,

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13
Q

what are two important pentoses in the body

A

ribose and deoxyribose

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14
Q

how are trioses important in cellular respiration

A

Duringglycolysis,fructose-1,6-bisphosphateis broken down intoglyceraldehyde-3-phosphateanddihydroxyacetone phosphate.Lactic acidandpyruvic acidare later derived from these molecules

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15
Q

how are disaccharides formed

A

formed by a reaction between two mono-saccharides, which eliminates water and forms a glycosidic bond

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16
Q

what is sucrose made from

A

Glucose and fructose joined together

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17
Q

what is lactose made from

A

Glucose and galactose joined together

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18
Q

what is maltose made from

A

2x Glucose joined together

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19
Q

what is the breakdown product of starch or glycogen

A

maltose

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20
Q

what is the structure of starch

A

75% amylopectin (formed by α-1,4 and α-1,6 glycosidic bonds - branched glucose polymer)
25% amylose (formed by α-1,4 glycosidic bonds only - linear glucose polymer)

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21
Q

how do we get starch in the body

A

Obtained in diet from plant sources

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22
Q

how do we get cellulose in the body

A

Obtained in diet from plant sources

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23
Q

can we digest cellulose and why

A

not digestible by humans due to lack of cellulase enzyme; linear polymer of glucose - used in fibre

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24
Q

how do we get glycogen in the body

Study These Flashcards
A

obtained in diet from animal sources

25
what is the structure of glycogen
extensively branched polymer of glucose
26
what is dextrin
Breakdown product of starch and glycogen | - branched oligomer of glucose
27
what are the 4 main types of biologically important lipids
1. fatty acids 2. triglycerides 3. cholesterol 4. cholesterol esters
28
what are fatty acids
hydrocarbon chains of various lengths – considered ‘long chain’ if >12C and ‘very long chain’ if >22C
29
what are the two types of fatty acids
saturated and unsaturated
30
what are saturated fatty acids
all carbon atoms are bonded to 4 different atoms
31
what are unsaturated fatty acids
unsaturated fatty acids have at least one C=C double bond
32
how are triglycerides made
glycerol + fatty acid
33
what are cis/trans stereo-isomers
molecules with the same chemical and structural formula but due to having no rotation about the double bond, have different arrangements in space
34
what is the significance of having more cis fatty acids in a membrane
cis fatty acids pack next to each other less closely than trans ones, so cause membranes to be more fluid
35
what are 2 types of modified lipids
phospholipids | glycolipids
36
what are phospholipids
consist of a phosphate group attached to one or more fatty acid chains via glycerol or sphingosine, which itself contains a long hydrocarbon chain
37
what is a glycolipid
a carbohydrate element (usually an oligosaccharide) attached to one or more fatty acid chains directly or via glycerol or sphingosine
38
why are phospholipids important components in cell membranes
the amphipathic (polar/non-polar) nature of phospholipids being integral to membrane structure
39
why are glycolipids important components of cell membranes
glycolipids important for functioning in cell surface recognition
40
what are two important ketone bodies in humans
acetoacetic acid and b-hydroxybutyric acid
41
what are ketone bodies
Small (4-carbon) fatty acids formed by oxidation of fatty acids in the liver especially during fasting
42
how is acetone produced in the body
Acetone is formed as a breakdown product of ketone bodies and is exhaled
43
Roles of lipids
1. fuels 2. energy storage 3. transport between tissues 4. structural components of cell membranes 5. chemical messengers
44
what are essential Amino acids
AA obtained from the diet
45
what are non-essential Amino Acids
AA synthesised endogenously
46
how is ATP formed
ATP is synthesised from ADP (formation of a phosphosdiester bond) using energy released by oxidation
47
where is glucose used as an energy source
most tissues, obligatory for brain and RBCs
48
where are fatty acids used as an energy source
most tissues, but minimal in neurons as a source of energy
49
where are ketone bodies used as an evergy source
can be used by most tissues (except liver) important for the brain as a partial substitute for glucose when this is less available
50
where are amino acids used as an energy source
not used as fuels by many cell types, but are used (particularly glutamine) in fast-dividing cells e.g. enterocytes and cancer cells
51
why can excess glucose be stored as fatty acids but not vice versa
Fatty acids can be formed from glucose, but not vice versa .'. glucose excess can be stored as lipid (triglycerides) but then this can only be mobilised/metabolised as fatty acid
52
where is triglyceride stored
White adipose tissue (internal or subcutaneous) is specialised for triglyceride storage but excess triglyceride can be stored nto ‘ectopic’ tissues (skeletal and cardiac muscle and the liver). (pathological consequences)
53
where are carbohydrates (as glyogen) stored
Short term storage: 1. liver to regulate blood glucose (lasts overnight in humans) 2. skeletal muscle for direct energy requirements
54
GLUT 1 details
Glucose, galactose, mannose High affinity. Ubiquitous expression. High expression in RBC and brain
55
GLUT 2 details
Glucose sensing - has a low affinity. | Used to assess the glucose conc in pancreatic B-cells - detects when levels are high.
56
GLUT 3 details
Glucose specific | In brain, intestine, placenta
57
GLUT 4 details
Insulin sensitive - regulates glucose uptake by cells when insulin is present. In muscle and adipose tissue. Specificity is only glucose.
58
GLUT 5 details
Fructose specific | In intestine

Block 1 AR (19 decks)

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