Metabolism 1

Question 1

What are macronutrients?

Answer 1

• Carbohydrates, fats and proteins

Question 2

what are micronutrients?

Answer 2

• Vitamins, minerals and trace elements

Question 3

What are nutrients?

Answer 3

• Components of food which have recognisable functions in the body

Question 4

essential nutrients cannot be made by the body. TRUE OR FLASE?

Answer 4

TRUE

Question 5

Glucose levels hsould be maintained at 5mM. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 5

TRUE

Question 6

The liver is a critical organ for glucose regulation. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 6

TRUE

Question 7

what are the two key hormones involved in glucose regulation?

Answer 7

• Glucagon - brings glucose levels up

- Insulin - Brings glucose levels down

Question 8

when blood glucose is high, glucose is turned into glycogen and stored and when blood glucose are low glycogen is converted back to glucose. TRUE OR FASE?

Answer 8

TRUE

Question 9

glucose 6 phosphate can be converted to pyruvate and glycogen. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 9

TRUE

Question 10

what process converts glucose 6 phosphate to pyruvate ?

Answer 10

Glycolysis

Question 11

what transporter is used to transport glucose in the muscle?

Answer 11

• GLUT4

Question 12

where are the GLUT4 transporters located in the muscle cell?

Answer 12

Inside the cell

Question 13

what happens to the GLUT4 transpoter once glucose levels are high?

Answer 13

• They come out of the cell and transport glucose to be stored

Question 14

Once G-6-P is converted into glycogen in the muscles, this is trapped in the muscle cells. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 14

TRUE

Question 15

Insulin stimulates GLUT4 transporters to come outside the muscle cells. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 15

TRUE

Question 16

what is glucose in the adipose tissue stored as?

Answer 16

Triacyl glycerol

Question 17

What GLUT tansporter is used in lipid metabolism in the liver?

Answer 17

• GLUT2

Question 18

malonylCoA inhibits B-oxidation from occuring and hence prevents the production of ketone bodies. TRUE OR FLASE?

Answer 18

TRUE

Question 19

AcetylcoAcarboxylase is the most important enzyme in lipid metabolism in the liver. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 19

TRUE

Question 20

Adrenaline and contraction are the main regulators in fatty acid metabolism in the muscle. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 20

TRUE

Question 21

During the fed state lipids are produced and stored. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 21

TRUE

Question 22

when doing extreme activities adrenergic stimulation causes fatty acids to be mobolised, fatty acids then become the main fuel for muscles . true or false?

Answer 22

true

Question 23

what occurs during the fasting state in protein metabolism?

Answer 23

• AAs are the main source of glucose via gluconeogenesis

Question 24

what occurs during the fed state in protein metabolism in the liver?

Answer 24

• excess aa are deaminated

Question 25

glucagon encourages the uptake, deamination and urea cycle activity. true or false?

Answer 25

true

Question 26

amino acids from muscle can enter into the liver as what?

Answer 26

alanine

Question 27

glucagon is the major in amino acid deamination . true or false?

Answer 27

true

Question 28

the liver plays a central role in metabolism. true or false?

Answer 28

true

Question 29

how much energy does the brain and kidney use up?

Answer 29

- brain 20% | - kidney 10%

Question 30

how much urine does the kidney produce?

Answer 30

- 2 litres

Question 31

cardiac and smooth muscle are aerobic so are contanstly requiring energy. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 31

TRUE

Question 32

Adipose tissue is mostly for fat storage. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 32

TRUE

Question 33

Brown fat has more mitochnodria which plas a thermogenic role. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 33

TRUE

Question 34

metabolic specialisation from of organs and tissues arises from the expression of different genes, each system has its particular enzymes and transporters. TRUE OR FASLE?

Answer 34

TRUE

Question 35

How is metabolic control achieved?

Answer 35

- Metabolic specialisation - Change in the number of proteins (expression/degradation) - Change in the activity of existing molecules (covalently, allosteric interactions or both)

Question 36

Glucagon regulates liver glucose by affecting enzyme activity by phosphorylation. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 36

TRUE

Question 37

glucose stimulates protein kinase A when bllood glucose is scarce in glycogen metabolism. true or false?

Answer 37

true

Question 38

when FBPase 2 is activated, glycolysis is inhibited and gluconeogenesis is stimulated. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 38

TRUE

Question 39

high levels of fructose 6 phosphate stimulates phosphoprotein phosphatase. true or false?

Answer 39

true

Question 40

when PFK2 is activated what is inhibited and activated?

Answer 40

gluconeogenesis is inhibited | - glycolysis is activated

Question 41

Fructose - 6 phosphate is a positive alloesteric modulator for phosphoprotein phosphatase. TRUE OR FALSE?

Answer 41

TRUE