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Metabolism Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

Regulatory enzymes of Glycolysis

A

Hexokinase (Glucose → G-6P)- ATP in
PFK (F6P → F 1,6-bisphosphate)- ATP in
Pyruvate kinase (PEP → Pyruvate)- ADP in

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2
Q

Rate-limiting step of glycolysis

A

PFK catalyzes F6P → F 1,6-bisphosphate

- F6P is phosphorylated using ATP

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3
Q

Net Yield of Glycolysis

A

2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate

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4
Q

Oxidoreductases

A

catalyze redox reactions that transfer electrons

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5
Q

Transferases

A

move a functional group from one molecule to another

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6
Q

Hydrolase

A

catalyze cleavage with the addition of water

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7
Q

Lyase

A

catalyze cleavage without the addition of water or transfer of electrons
- synthase is the opposite

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8
Q

Isomerase

A

catalyze the interconversion of isomers, including both constitutional isomers and stereoisomers

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9
Q

Ligase

A

join two large biomolecules (often the same type)

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10
Q

NADH vs NADPH

A 
NADPH is used in synthesis pathways (like PPP): 
fatty acid
cholesterol
neurotransmitter
Nucleotide

It is similar to NADH, except:
additional phosphate group
enables binding discrimination
can be reduced more
NADH is used in all other metabolic pathways

Both:
reductive agent

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11
Q

protease

A

protein that hydrolyzes (cleaves) another protein; hydrolyzes peptide bonds

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12
Q

lipase

A

enzyme that hydrolyzes fats

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13
Q

kinase

A

transfers a phosphate group to a molecule from a high energy carrier, such as ATP

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14
Q

polymerase

A

synthesizes long chains of polymers or nucleic acids

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15
Q

phosphatase

A

removes a phosphate group from a molecule (“undoes” a kinase)

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16
Q

phosphorylase

A

transfers a phosphate group to a molecule from inorganic phosphate

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17
Q

ATP synthase

A

large protein complex that synthesizes ATP from ADP +Pi

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18
Q

exonuclease

A

cutting a nucleic acid chain at the end

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19
Q

endonuclease

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A

will cut a polynucleotide acid chain in the middle of the chain, at a particular sequence
- ex) repair enzymes and restriction enzymes

20
Q

caspases

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A

part of the protease family; responsible for carrying out the events of apoptosis; consist of initiator caspases, which respond to extracellular and intracellular signals, which then activate the effector caspases, which cleave a variety of cellular proteins to trigger apoptosis. upon this, there is an amplification cascade. (usually inactive in zymogen form)

21
Q

Energy input phase of glycolysis

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A

2 phosphate groups from 2 ATP are added to glucose, trapping it inside the cell and split it into DHAP and G3P

22
Q

Energy output phase

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A

Energy created in the second half of glycolysis

23
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

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A

The direct transfer of a phosphate group from a reactive intermediate onto ADP or GDP by kinase enzyme

24
Q

When glucose is abundant, it comes from the _______________. When it is limited, it comes from the _________________________.

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A

Intestines ; liver

25
Ammonia goes into the _____ cycle and the carbon chain acts as a substrate for the ________ cycle
Urea cycle--->urine ; citric acid cycle
26
Why can muscles release glucose for other organs to use?
They do not have the necessary phosphatase to release glucose from the cell.
27
glycogen synthase
creates alpha 1,4 glycosidic links between glucose molecules (makes glycogen) - activated by insulin in liver and muscle
28
Branching enzyme
moves a block of oligoglucose from one chain and adds it to the growing glycogen as a new branch at an alpha 1,6 glycosidic link
29
Glycogen phosphorylase
removes a single glucose 1-phosphate molecules by breaking alpha 1,4 glycosidic links - activated by glucagon (liver) to prevent low blood sugar - activated by epinephrine and AMP (exercising skeletal muscle) to provide glucose for muscle
30
Debranching enzyme
moves a block of oligoglucose from one branch and connects it to the chain using an alpha 1,4 glycosidic link. it also removes the branch points (an alpha 1,6 glycosidic link)- releases a free glucose
31
control of pyruvate dehydrogenase
pyruvate dehydrogenase converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA - stimulated by insulin - inhibited by acetyl-coA
32
When oxygen or mitochondria are absent, NADH from gylcolysis is oxidized by ___.
cytoplasmic lactate dehydrogenase | - in RBCs, skeletal muscle during short, intense bursts of exercise, and oxygen deprived cells
33
pentose phosphate pathway
- aka the HMP shunt - occurs in cytoplasm of most cells - generates NADPH and ribose sugars for biosynthesis
34
rate limiting enzyme of PPP
glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase - G-6-PD is activated by NADP+ and insulin - inhibited by NADPH
35
dehydrogenases
which remove one or more hydrogen atoms from their substrates - cofactors are NAD+ and FAD
36
NAD+ and FAD
* serve as oxidizing agents, accepting a pair of electrons, along with one or more protons, to switch to their reduced forms - NAD+ accepts two electrons and one H+ to become NADH - FAD accepts two electrons and two H+ to become FADH2 * NAD+ is the primary electron carrier used during cellular respiration, with FAD participating in just one (or two sometimes two) reactions
37
Water soluble electron carriers
NADH, FADH2, NADPH
38
Fat soluble electron carriers
membrane proteins in the electron transport chain (FMN, CoQ, iron-sulfur complexes, cytochromes)
39
TOTAL net ATP produced per glucose
theoretically 38 (2 from glycolysis, 2 from citric acid cycle, 24 from ETC), actually ~30
40
Glycolysis product
2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH, and 2 ATP
41
Regulators of glycolysis
- inhibited by ATP. | Feeder pathways: breakdown of glycogen and starch (in plants) forms glucose units, which feeds into glycolysis
42
Inhibitor of glycolysis
ATP. | Feeder pathways: breakdown of glycogen and starch (in plants) forms glucose units, which feeds into glycolysis
43
Steps of aerobic metabolism (needs oxygen)
Glycolysis Oxidative decarboxylation Krebs cycle Electron transport chain. Net: 6 CO2, 6 H2O, and up to 30 ATP from each molecule of glucose
44
germ layers and what they produce
ectoderm. Its the most superficial, so think if skin. Mesoderm, bone and muscles. Endoderm, gut and reproductive trac
45
Steps of anaerobic metabolism (don't need oxygen)
Glycolysis Alcohol or lactic acid fermentation Net: 2 ATP, Lactic Acid (animals) or EtOH (plants)

MCAT (4 decks)

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